Table 10 Main meta-analyses for ex smoking of any product (or cigarettes, if any product not available)^a

All

All

N

110

105

17

F

2.12 (2.05-2.19)

1.56 (1.50-1.62)

3.50 (3.13-3.92)

R

2.35 (2.11-2.63)

1.63 (1.50-1.78)

3.52 (2.51-4.94)

H, P_H

7.43, < 0.001

3.14, < 0.001

3.87, < 0.001

Sex

Male

n

44

46

9

F

2.80 (2.64-2.97)

1.63 (1.52-1.76)

5.12 (4.26-6.15)

R

2.87 (2.35-3.50)

1.80 (1.57-2.06)

4.70 (2.66-8.30)

Female

n

28

35

4

F

1.92 (1.78-2.06)

1.52 (1.40-1.65)

3.50 (2.36-5.19)

R

2.02 (1.53-1.68)

1.64 (1.40-1.93)

3.50 (2.36-5.19)

Combined

n

38

24

4

F

1.83 (1.74-1.92)

1.54 (1.46-1.63)

2.68 (2.30-3.12)

R

2.07 (1.83-2.35)

1.44 (1.22-1.71)

2.68 (1.58-4.54)

Between levels

P_B

< 0.001

NS

< 0.05

Continent

N America

n

36

37

9

F

2.77 (2.61-2.93)

1.45 (1.32-1.60)

4.70 (3.97-5.57)

R

2.98 (2.35-3.78)

1.47 (1.25-1.73)

3.82 (2.30-6.34)

Europe

n

50

55

6

F

1.81 (1.73-1.89)

1.57 (1.50-1.65)

2.71 (2.32-3.17)

R

1.99 (1.76-2.25)

1.71 (1.51-1.94)

3.00 (1.70-5.28)

Asia

n

16

7

2

F

2.84 (2.91-3.25)

1.94 (1.69-2.23)

3.56 (1.88-6.75)

R

2.79 (2.23-3.48)

2.17 (1.63-2.88)

3.56 (1.88-6.75)

Other or multicountry

n

8

6

0

F

1.52 (1.31-1.76)

1.34 (1.14-1.57)

R

1.58 (1.22-2.05)

1.33 (1.13-1.57)

Between levels

P_B

< 0.001

NS

< 0.05

Study type

Case-control

n

11

9

0

F

3.38 (2.78-4.10)

1.65 (1.38-1.98)

R

3.45 (2.26-5.28)

1.87 (1.18-2.96)

Prospective

n

35

10

4

F

3.92 (3.60-4.26)

1.59 (1.40-1.81)

5.32 (4.36-6.49)

R

2.88 (2.23-3.73)

1.79 (1.24-2.60)

2.99 (0.91-9.84)

Cross-sectional

n

64

86

13

F

1.85 (1.78-1.92)

1.55 (1.49-1.62)

2.87 (2.50-3.30)

R

1.99 (1.81-2.19)

1.60 (1.45-1.75)

3.16 (2.50-4.00)

Between levels

P_B

< 0.001

NS

< 0.01

Outcome subtype

Mortality

n

29

2

2

F

4.41 (4.04-4.80)

3.61 (2.61-4.99)

6.02 (4.90-7.40)

R

3.55 (2.75-4.57)

5.57 (1.56-19.92)

6.56 (3.93-10.94)

Lung function (COPD) or symptoms (CB)

n

51

76

-

F

1.86 (1.78-1.93)

1.39 (1.32-1.46)

R

1.92 (1.72-2.13)

1.50 (1.36-1.64)

Other

n

30

27

15

F

1.87 (1.74-2.02)

1.90 (1.78-2.04)

2.78 (2.43-3.18)

R

2.18 (1.80-2.64)

1.84 (1.58-2.14)

2.95 (2.23-3.91)

Between levels

P_B

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Smoking product

Any

n

43

53

4

F

1.76 (1.65-1.88)

1.64 (1.55-1.74)

2.72 (2.31-3.19)

R

2.09 (1.78-2.45)

1.67 (1.45-1.93)

2.72 (2.31-3.19)

Cigarettes (ignoring other products)

n

59

49

12

F

2.07 (1.99-2.15)

1.46 (1.38-1.54)

4.42 (3.76-5.18)

R

2.19 (1.94-2.47)

1.53 (1.38-1.70)

3.33 (2.17-5.10)

Cigarettes only

n

8

3

1

F

6.79 (5.87-7.86)

2.80 (2.13-3.67)

12.50 (3.53-44.27)

R

5.78 (3.81-8.77)

3.28 (1.84-5.84)

12.50 (3.53-44.27)

Between levels

P_B

< 0.001

< 0.05

< 0.1

Unexposed base^c

Never any product

n

54

65

6

F

2.41 (2.28-2.54)

1.69 (1.60-1.79)

3.67 (3.23-4.16)

R

2.60 (2.12-3.17)

1.75 (1.53-2.01)

4.70 (2.58-8.53)

Never cigarettes

n

56

40

11

F

1.96 (1.88-2.04)

1.44 (1.36-1.52)

2.93 (2.28-3.76)

R

2.15 (1.92-2.42)

1.50 (1.35-1.66)

2.99 (1.96-4.56)

Between levels

P_B

< 0.05

< 0.05

NS