Systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence relating smoking to COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Forey, Barbara A; Thornton, Alison J; Lee, Peter N

doi:10.1186/1471-2466-11-36

Table 2 Selected details of the 218 studies of COPD, CB and/or emphysema

From: Systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence relating smoking to COPD, chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Study REF [refs]	Study type^a	Country	Years^b	Population^c	Outcome(s)^d	Study group (if Subsid)^e	Weakness^f
ALDERS [26, 27]	CCh	UK/England	1977-82		CB		No
ALESSA [28]	CCp	Italy	1992-93		COPD		Yes
AMIGO [29]	CCh	Chile	2001-03		COPD		No
ANDER1 [30]	CS	Canada	1963		COPD, CB		No
ANDER2 [31]	CS	USA	(ca 1964?)		EM		No
ANDER3 [32, 33]	CCp	Poland	(ca 1997?)		COPD		Yes
AUERBA [34, 35]	CS	USA	1963-70		EM		No
BANG [36]	CS	USA	1982-84	hispanic	CB		No
BECK1 [37]	CS	USA	1972-73		CB		No
BECK2 [37]	P	USA	1972-73/1978		CB		No
BEDNAR [38]	CS	Poland	2000-02		COPD		No
BEST [39, 40]	P	Canada	1955-56/1962	military veterans	COPD, CB, EM		No
BJORNS [41]	CS	Sweden	1990		CB		No
BROGGE [42]	CCm	Norway	2003		COPD	JOHANN	Yes
BROWN [43]	CS	UK/England	1956		CB		No
CERVER [44]	CS	Italy	1998-00		CB		No
CHAPMA [45]	CS	USA	1976	parents	CB	HOUSE	No
CHEN1 [46]	P	China	1972-78/1993	workers at 11 factories	COPD		No
CHEN2 [47]	CS	Canada	1994-95	household members	COPD		No
CHEN3 [48]	CS	Canada	2000-01	household members	COPD		Yes
CHENG [49]	CS	China	1992		COPD		No
CLEMEN [50]	P	Belgium	1960-*/1975	Air Force personnel	COPD		No
COATES [51]	CS	USA	1962	Post Office employees	CB		No
COCCI [52]	CCp	Italy	(ca 2000?)		COPD		Yes
COLLEG [53, 54]	CS	UK/GB	(ca 1960?)		CB		No
DEAN1 [55, 56]	CCp	UK/England	1969-73		COPD		Yes
DEAN2 [57]	CS	UK/GB	1972		CB		No
DEANE [58]	CS	USA	1963	telephone company employees	CB		No
DEJONG [59]	CS	USA	(ca 2003?)		COPD		Yes
DEMARC [60–62]	CS	Multi-Europe	1991-93		COPD, CB		No
DETORR [63]	CS	Spain	2001-03	patients	COPD		Yes
DICKIN [64]	CS	UK/England	(ca 1997?)		COPD		No
DOLL1 [65–67]	P	UK	1951/1991	doctors	COPD, CB		No
DOLL2 [66, 68]	P	UK	1951/1973	doctors	COPD, CB		No
DONTA1 [69]	CS	Greece	1960		COPD	JACOBS	Yes
DONTA2 [69]	P	Greece	1960/1970		CB, EM	JACOBS	Yes
DOPICO [70]	CS	USA	(ca 1982?)	employed^g	CB		No
EHRLIC [71]	CS	South Africa	1998	household members	CB		No
EKBERG [72]	CS	Sweden	1974-92		COPD		No
ENRIGH [73]	CS	USA	1989-90	health insurance members	CB, EM		No
ENSTRO [74]	P	USA	1960/1998	household members	COPD	HAMMO2	No
FERRI1 [54, 75–77]	CS	USA	1961	household members	COPD, CB	FERRI2	No
FERRI2 [75, 78]	CS	USA	1967	household members, long term residents	COPD		No
FERRI3 [79]	CS	USA	1973	household members, long term residents	COPD	FERRI2	No
FIDAN [80]	CS	Turkey	2000-01	coffeehouse or shop workers	COPD		No
FINKLE [81]	CS	USA	1969-70	military recruits	CB		No
FLETCH [82]	CS	UK	1956-57	employed^g	CB		No
FORAST [83]	CS	USA	1993-94		COPD		Yes
FOXMAN [84]	CS	USA	(ca 1981?)		CB		No
FUKUCH [85]	CS	Japan	2000	household members	COPD		No
GEIJER [86]	P	Netherlands	1998/2003		COPD		No
GODTFR [18, 87]	P	Denmark	1964-93/1997		COPD		No
GOLDBE [88]	CS	USA	1970	parents	CB		No
GULSVI [89–91]	CS	Norway	1972-74		COPD, EM		No
HAENSZ [92]	CS	Norway	1964	mixed^h	CB		No
HAMMO2 [93–97]	P	USA	1959-60/1965	household members	COPD, EM		No
HARDIE [98]	CS	Norway	1998-99		COPD, CB, EM		No
HARIKK [99]	P	USA	1962-*/(ca 2000?)		COPD		No
HARRIS [100]	CS	Nigeria	(ca 1992?)	soldiers	CB		No
HAWTHO [101]	P	UK/Scotland	1965-75/1977	mixed^h	COPD, CB	TANG	Yes
HAYES [102]	CS	USA	1970	parents	CB		No
HEDMAN [103]	CS	Finland	1996		COPD		No
HIGGI2 [104]	CS	UK/Wales	1956		CB	PETO	No
HIGGI3 [105]	CS	UK/Scotland	1956		CB		No
HIGGI4 [106, 107]	P	USA	1962-79/1987		COPD		Yes
HIGGI6 [108, 109]	CS	USA	1962-65		CB	HIGGI4	No
HIRAYA [110, 111]	P	Japan	1965/1982		CB, EM		No
HO [112, 113]	CS	Hong Kong	1991	long term residents	COPD, CB, EM		No
HOLLA2 [114]	CS	USA	1962	telephone company employees	CB		No
HOLLNA [115, 116]	CS	Denmark	1976-77		CB		No
HOUSE [117]	CS	USA	1970	parents	CB		No
HOZAWA [118–120]	CS	USA	1987-89		COPD, EM		No
HRUBEC [121]	CS	USA	(ca 1972?)	veterans and twins	CB		No
HUCHON [122]	CS	France	(ca 2001?)	household members	CB		No
HUHTI1 [123]	CS	Finland	1961		COPD, CB, EM		No
HUHTI2 [124]	CS	Finland	1971	long term residents	COPD, CB	HUHTI1	No
HUHTI3 [125]	CS	Finland	1968-70		COPD, CB		No
ITABAS [126]	CCp	Japan	(ca 1989?)		COPD		Yes
JACOBS [127]	P	Multi-Europe	1957-64/(ca 1989?)		COPD		No
JAENDI [128]	CS	Spain	2001-02	patients	COPD		Yes
JENSEN [129]	CS	Denmark	(ca 1996?)	patients	CB		Yes
JINDA2 [130]	CS	India	(ca 2004?)	household members	CB		No
JOHANN [131–134]	CS	Norway	1996-97	long term residents	COPD		No
JOSHI [135]	CS	India	(ca 1974?)	employed^g	CB		No
JOUSI1 [136]	CS	Finland	1972-77		CB		No
KACHEL [137]	CS	Poland	(ca 2002?)	workers at five factories	COPD		No
KAHN [138–144]	P	USA	1954-57/1980	military veterans	COPD, CB, EM		No
KAHN2 [138]	P	USA	1954-57/1962	military veterans	COPD, CB, EM	KAHN	No
KARAKA [145]	NCCp	Greece	*/1996		COPD	VINEIS	No
KATANC [146]	CS	USA	1997-98	mixed^h	COPD		No
KATO [147]	CS	Japan	1985		CB		No
KHOURY [148]	CS	USA	(1970s)	mixed^h	COPD		Yes
KIM [149]	CS	Korea	2001-02	household members	COPD		No
KIRAZ [150]	CS	Turkey	1999	mixed^h	COPD, CB		No
KLAYTO [151]	CS	USA	(ca 1974?)	employed^g	COPD		Yes
KOJIMA [152]	CS	Japan	2001-02		COPD		No
KOTAN1 [153]	CS	Finland	1995-96		CB		No
KOTAN2 [154]	CS	Finland	1996-97		COPD	KOTAN1	No
KRZYZA [155]	P	Poland	1968/1981		COPD		No
KUBIK [156]	CS	Czechoslovakia	1972		CB		Yes
KULLER [157]	P	USA	1972-74/1980	volunteers	COPD		No
LAI [158]	CS	China	2001-03		COPD		No
LAM1 [159]	P	China	1976/1996	employed^g	COPD		No
LAM2 [160, 161]	CS	China	1987	military veterans	COPD		No
LAM3 [160–162]	P	China	1987/2005	military veterans	COPD		No
LAMBER [163, 164]	CS	UK	1965	household members	CB	TODD	No
LANGE [165–169]	P	Denmark	1976-78/1989		COPD	GODTFR	No
LANGE2 [170]	CS	Denmark	1991-94		CB	VESTBO	No
LANGHA [19]	CS	Norway	1995-97		CB		No
LAVECC [171]	CS	Italy	1983	household members	CB, EM		No
LEBOWI [172–177]	CS	USA	1972-73	household members	COPD, CB, EM		No
LEE [164, 178]	P	UK	1964-65/1977	siblings of migrants	COPD		No
LIAW [179]	P	Taiwan	1982-86/1993	volunteers	COPD	WEN	No
LINDBE [180]	P	Sweden	1996/2003	long term residents	COPD		No
LINDST [181]	CS	Europe	(ca 1998?)		COPD, CB		No
LIU1 [182]	CCd	China	1986-91		COPD		No
LIU2 [183, 184]	CS	China	2002-03		COPD		No
LUNDB1 [185, 186]	CS	Sweden	1996-97	long term residents	COPD		No
LUNDB2 [187–189]	CCp	Sweden	1986		CB	LUNDB1	Yes
MADOR [190]	CCh	USA	(ca 2002?)	military veterans	COPD		No
MAGNUS [191]	CS	Iceland	1993		CB		No
MANFRE [192]	CS	Canada	1978-79		CB		No
MANNI1 [193–198]	CS	USA	1988-94		COPD		No
MANNI2 [199, 200]	CS	USA	1971-75	household members	COPD		No
MANNI3 [199]	P	USA	1971-75/1992	household members	COPD		No
MARAN1 [201]	CS	Thailand	1998		COPD		Yes
MARAN2 [201]	P	Thailand	1998/1999		COPD		Yes
MARCUS [202]	P	USA	1965-68/1984	Japanese ancestry	COPD		No
MATHES [203]	CCp	Australia	(ca 2005?)		COPD		No
MELLST [204]	CS	Sweden	1971-77		CB		No
MENEZ1 [205]	CS	Brazil	1990	household members	CB		No
MENEZ2 [206, 207]	CS	Brazil	2003	household members	COPD		No
MENEZ3 [206]	CS	Chile	2003	household members	COPD		No
MENEZ4 [206]	CS	Mexico	2003	household members	COPD		No
MENEZ5 [206]	CS	Uruguay	2003	household members	COPD		No
MENEZ6 [206]	CS	Venezuela	2003	household members	COPD		No
MEREN [208]	CS	Estonia	1995-96		CB		No
MILLER [209]	CS	USA	1978	household members	CB, EM		No
MILNE [210, 211]	CS	UK/Scotland	1968-70		CB		No
MOLLER [212]	CCp	Germany	(ca 1999?)		CB		Yes
MONTNE [213–215]	CS	Sweden	1992		COPD		No
MUELLE [216]	CS	USA	1967	household members	COPD, CB		No
NAWA [217]	CS	Japan	1998-00	mixed^h	EM		No
NEJJAR [218]	CS	France	1991	household members	CB		No
NIEPSU [219]	CS	Poland	2001		COPD		Yes
NIHLEN [220, 221]	P	Sweden	1992/2000	long term residents	COPD		No
NILSSO [222–224]	P	Sweden	1963/1996		COPD		No
OGILVI [225]	CCp	UK/England	1955-56	household members	CB		No
OMORI [226]	CS	Japan	(ca 2004?)		EM		Yes
OSWAL1 [227]	CCh	UK/England	1951-53	mixed^h	CB		No
OSWAL2 [228]	CS	UK/England	1954-55	civil servants	CB		Yes
PANDEY [229, 230]	CS	Nepal	1979-80		CB		No
PEAT [231, 232]	P	Australia	1966-75/1984		COPD		No
PELKON [233]	P	Finland	1959/2000		COPD, CB	JACOBS	No
PEREZP [234]	CCm	Mexico	1992-94		COPD, CB		No
PETO [235]	P	UK/England and Wales	1954-61/1981	mixed^h	COPD		Yes
PRATT [236]	CS	USA	(ca 1978?)	military veterans	EM		Yes
PRICE [237, 238]	CS	UK	(ca 2004?)		COPD		No
REID [239]	CS	USA	1962-63	mixed^h	CB		No
RENWIC [240]	CS	UK/England	1992-94		COPD		No
RICCIO [241]	CS	Italy	2002	patients	COPD		Yes
RIMING [242, 243]	CS	UK/England	1970	volunteers	CB		No
RYDER [244]	CS	UK/Wales	(ca 1969?)		EM		No
SARGEA [245, 246]	CS	UK/England	1993-96		COPD	VINEIS	No
SAWICK [247, 248]	CS	Poland	1968		COPD, CB		No
SCHWAR [249, 250]	CS	USA	1976-80	household members	CB		No
SHAHAB [251]	CS	England	2001		COPD		No
SHARP [252, 253]	CS	USA	1960-61	employed^g	CB		No
SHIMUR [254]	CCh	Japan	(ca 1994?)		CB		Yes
SHIN [255]	CS	Korea	1999-00	household members	COPD		No
SICHLE [256]	CS	Greece	2000-01		COPD		No
SILVA [257–260]	P	USA	1972-*/(ca 1992?)	household members	COPD, CB, EM		No
SOBRAD [261–264]	CS	Spain	1996-97		CB		No
SPEIZE [265]	P	USA	1974-77/1986	household members	COPD		No
STERLI [266, 267]	CCp	USA	1986-87		COPD		Yes
STJERN [268]	CS	Sweden	1981		CB		No
STROM [269]	CS	Sweden	1982-83	long term residents	COPD		No
SUADIC [270]	CS	Denmark	1985-86	employed^g	CB		No
SUTINE [271]	CS	Finland	1971-72		EM		No
TAGER [272]	CS	USA	1973-74		COPD		No
TAGER2 [273]	CS	USA	1973-74	household members	CB		Yes
TANG [274]	P	UK	1967-82/*	mixed^h	COPD		No
THUN [96, 97, 275, 276]	P	USA	1982/1988	household members	COPD		No
TODD [164, 178]	P	UK	1965-66/1977	household members	COPD		No
TROISI [277]	P	USA	1980/1990	nurses	CB		No
TRUPIN [278, 279]	CS	USA	2001	telephone subscribers	COPD		No
TSUSHI [280]	CS	Japan	2003-04	volunteers	COPD		No
TVERDA [281]	P	Norway	1972-78/1988		COPD		Yes
URRUTI [282]	CS	Spain	(ca 2004?)		CB	DEMARC	No
VESTBO [168, 283]	CS	Denmark	1976-78		COPD		No
VIEGI1 [284]	CS	Italy	1980-82	household members	CB		No
VIEGI2 [285]	CS	Italy	1988-91		COPD		No
VIKGRE [286–288]	P	Sweden	1994-95/2001	long term residents	EM		No
VINEIS [289]	P	Europe	1993-98/(ca 2003?)	volunteers	COPD		No
VOLLM1 [290]	CS	USA	1971-72	volunteers	COPD	VOLLM2	Yes
VOLLM2 [290]	P	USA	1971-72/1982	volunteers	COPD		Yes
VONHER [291]	CS	Finland	1978-80		COPD		No
WAGEN2 [292–294]	CCp	Netherlands	2001	employed^g	CB		No
WALD [295]	P	UK/England	1975-82/1993	professional/business men	COPD	TANG	Yes
WANG2 [296]	CS	Japan	1996-98	volunteers	EM		No
WATSON [297]	CCp	UK	(ca 2000?)		COPD		No
WEISS [298]	CS	USA	1961	volunteers	COPD, EM		No
WEN [299]	P	Taiwan	1982-92/2000	mixed^h	COPD, CB, EM		No
WIG [300]	CS	India	(ca 1963?)	household members	CB		Yes
WILHEL [301]	CS	Sweden	1967		CB		No
WILSO1 [302]	CS	Australia	2000	household members	COPD		No
WILSO2 [303]	CS	Australia	1998	household members	CB, EM		No
WOJTYN [304, 305]	CS	Poland	1968-73		COPD, CB	SAWICK	No
WOODS [306]	CS	Australia	(ca 1998?)		CB		No
WOOLF [307]	CS	Canada	(ca 1970-73?)	employed^g	CB		No
XIAO [308]	CCp	China	(ca 2003?)		COPD		No
XU [309]	CS	China	2000-01	long term residents	COPD		No
YAMAGU [20, 310]	CS	China	1986	long term residents	COPD, CB		No
YUAN [311]	P	China	1986-89/1993		COPD		No
ZIELI1 [312–314]	CS	Poland	1999	volunteers	COPD		No
ZIELI2 [315–317]	CS	Poland	2000-03	volunteers	COPD		No
ZIETKO [318]	CCp	Poland	(ca 2003?)		COPD		Yes
ZOIA [319]	CS	Italy	(ca 1993?)		CB		No

^aCS = cross-sectional, P = prospective, CC = case control, NCC = nested case-control, h = hospital or clinic controls, p = population controls, d = decedent controls, m = mixed controls.
^b* = unknown. Values in brackets are approximate, based on one year before first publication. For prospective studies, baseline year(s)/final follow-up year. Results refer to the full follow-up period except:
DOLL1, DOLL2 CB, to 1961
HIRAYA Emphysema (except by amount smoked), to 1978
KAHN Current smoking by amount smoked, to 1970
NILSSO Smoking of any product, to 1979
THUN Ex and ever smoking, to 1986
^c Unless shown otherwise in this column, the study specified no major inclusion criteria.
^d COPD = chronic obstructive lung disease, CB = chronic bronchitis, EM = emphysema
^e For subsidiary studies, this column shows the relevant principal study.
^f Weakness identified, including studies where the base for comparison of the major smoking indices was not strictly never smokers:
ALESSA Small clinical study, not stated how subjects selected
ANDER3 Small clinical study, not clear how controls were selected
BROGGE More cases than controls were drawn from hospital sample (with hospitalisation for COPD in last 5 years) and their average age was 3.5 years older
CHEN3 Analysis combines current smokers with those who gave up in last 5 years, and omits those who started smoking before age 13 or after age 22
COCCI Small clinical study, not stated how cases and controls were selected
DEAN1 Cases occurred in 1969-72 while information on controls was collected in 1973. Cases were population sample but controls were household members only
DEJONG Non-representative convenience sample particularly aimed at smokers
DETORR Subjects were volunteers, invited from all smokers attending wards or clinics, so likely to have concomitant disease
DONTA1 Inclusion of various lung diseases other than COPD in study endpoint, exclusion of subjects who died, emigrated or made dramatic changes to their smoking habits during follow-up
DONTA2 Exclusion of subjects who died, emigrated or made dramatic changes to their smoking habits during follow-up
FORAST Cases without symptoms in the last year were excluded
HAWTHO Base for comparison includes smokers of up to 5 cigarettes per day
HIGGI4 Because of inadequate detail in the report and use of differing age groups in different tables, estimates are rather speculative
ITABAS Small clinical study, not stated how cases and controls were selected
JAENDI Study population were those who visited their primary care physician, so may have been less healthy than the general population. Some attempts were made to contact patients who did not visit their physician during the study period, but it is unclear if they were then included in the study. It is not clear why only 7% of subjects were age 65+
JENSEN All subjects were participants in smoking cessation programme
KHOURY 13% of sample were 1st degree relatives of COPD cases, and a further 3% were 1st degree relatives of lung cancer cases
KLAYTO Base for comparison includes smokers of up to 5 pack-years
KUBIK Base for comparison includes smokers of up to 3 cigarettes per day
LUNDB2 A few subjects were analysed as controls (as determined at the start of the study) even if diagnosed with CB or asthma at the second phase of the study when the diagnosis category of the cases was determined
MARAN1 Base for comparison includes smokers of up to 0.5 pack-years
MARAN2 Base for comparison includes smokers of up to 0.5 pack-years
MOLLER Small clinical study, not clear how subjects were selected
NIEPSU Numbers of smokers not given for subset of participants undergoing spirometry (74%), therefore estimated using same proportions as whole study sample
OMORI Different diagnostic techniques used for smokers
OSWAL2 Base for comparison includes smokers of up to 5 cigarettes per day or who had smoked for less than 5 years
PETO Three of the samples were drawn from mining areas with over 60% miners or other dusty jobs, implying about 40% of the overall sample were occupationally exposed.
PRATT Study contained small number of subjects who were cotton or tobacco farmers or who worked in tobacco factory
RICCIO Subjects were recruited through a respiratory clinic but it is not stated whether they all had respiratory conditions. The definition of a smoker seems implausible
SHIMUR Small autopsy study, not clear how subjects were selected
STERLI All decedents proxy vs. none of living sample. Living sample 1 year later than decedents
TAGER2 Age distribution for both men and women in study sample was significantly different from general population from which sample was drawn. Subjects who smoked but did not inhale were excluded
TVERDA Includes acute bronchitis
VOLLM1 Study population consists of volunteers who responded to extensive media advertising and cohort is biased towards those with respiratory disease, and analysis restricted to those with follow-up data. Subjects with abnormal baseline FEV were not invited to some phases so may have different follow-up rate
VOLLM2 Study population consists of volunteers who responded to extensive media advertising and cohort is biased towards those with respiratory disease, and analysis restricted to those with follow-up data. Subjects with abnormal baseline FEV were not invited to some phases so may have different follow-up rate
WALD Includes ICD9: 416 (chronic pulmonary heart disease) and 519 (other diseases of respiratory system)
WIG Urban area is not a typical sample, as socio-economic status is above average
ZIETKO Small clinical study, not clear how controls were selected
Note that weakness is in respect of the current review, and is not a criticism of the original study which may have been designed with different objectives.
^g Study conducted in employed or occupational group:
DOPICO outdoor workers for city and power company
FLETCH men-postmen, women-clerical workers
JOSHI employees at machine tool factory and woollen hosiery mill
KLAYTO employees at two research facilities
LAM1 employees in a machine factory
SHARP clerical and light assembly workers at power company
SUADIC armed forces, customs service, railway, telephone, post, banking and construction companies
WAGEN2 heterogeneous population of employees from different companies and organisations
WOOLF employees of large commercial firms
^h Study conducted in mixed groups:
HAENSZ nationwide sample plus siblings of migrants to USA still resident in Norway
HAWTHO occupational groups (from industry, not otherwise specified) and census-identified sample
KATANC whites from Medicare, blacks from general population
KHOURY subjects were relatives of COPD cases (cases having been identified through Johns Hopkins Hospital respiratory laboratory), relatives of lung cancer and non-pulmonary patients, or community-based samples (neighbours and teachers)
KIRAZ rural group using biomass cookers and urban group using fuel oil
NAWA healthy workers/retired persons
OSWAL1 cases were general clinic patients, and civil servants referred after repeated sickness due to bronchitis
PETO occupational groups (transport and clerical workers) and census-identified sample
REID general and migrants from UK and Norway
TANG businessmen/professionals, civil servants, general population from socially deprived area, industrial workers
WEN community cohort were volunteers invited for screening and comprised 25% of population in study areas; other cohort were civil servants and teachers in government employee insurance scheme

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