Table 1 Demographic characteristics of mothers and prevalence of prenatal exposures
Baseline | 24 months (n = 274) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor | (n = 326) | non wheezers (n = 169) | wheezers (n = 105) | |
Maternal age at child birth [n (%)] | ||||
14-18 | 80 (24.5) | 39 (23.1) | 27 (25.7) | |
19-24 | 139 (42.6) | 68 (40.2) | 50 (47.6) | |
25-30 | 67 (20.6) | 36 (21.3) | 19 (18.1) | |
31-35 | 22 (6.7) | 15 (8.9) | 5 (4.8) | |
36-42 | 18 (5.5) | 11 (6.5) | 4 (3.8) | |
Maternal age (Mean ± SD) | 23.2 ± 5.83 | 23.6 ± 6.15 | 22.5 ± 5.37 | |
Maternal education | ||||
None | 5 (1.5) | 2 (1.2) | 2 (1.9) | |
Primary school only | 57 (17.4) | 28 (16.5) | 15 (14.3) | |
High school incomplete | 142 (43.6) | 69 (40.8) | 48 (45.7) | |
High school complete | 72 (22.1) | 42 (24.9) | 23 (21.9) | |
Technical studies | 46 (14.1) | 26 (15.4) | 15 (14.3) | |
University | 4 (1.2) | 2 (1.2) | 2 (1.9) | |
Parity | Primipara | 134 (41.1) | 73 (43.2) | 41 (39.0) |
No. of other children (Mean ± SD) | 1.17 ± 1.35 | 1.14 ± 1.32 | 1.19 ± 1.31 | |
Socioeconomic stratum | ||||
1 (poorest) | 257 (78.8) | 135 (79.9) | 79 (75.2) | |
2 | 59 (18.1) | 29 (17.2) | 22 (21.0) | |
3 | 10 (3.1) | 5 (3.0) | 4 (3.8) | |
Type of house | ||||
Brick | 243 (74.5) | 127 (75.1) | 79 (75.2) | |
Wood | 83 (25.5) | 42 (24.9) | 26 (24.8) | |
Type of house floor | ||||
Tile | 90 (27.6) | 49 (29.0) | 28 (26.7) | |
Bare concrete | 172 (52.7) | 87 (51.5) | 58 (55.2) | |
Soil | 64 (19.6) | 33 (19.5) | 19 (18.1) | |
Tap water | Yes | 290 (89) | 147 (87.0) | 95 (90.5) |
Sewage system | Yes | 191 (58.6) | 101 (59.8) | 61 (58.1) |
Exposure to pests at home* | ||||
Cockroaches | 255 (78.2) | 137 (81.1) | 80 (76.2) | |
Rodents (mice, rats) | 275 (84.4) | 139 (82.2) | 92 (87.6) | |
Smoking and contaminants during pregnancy | ||||
Maternal smoking (ever) | 16 (4.9) | 9 (5.3) | 3 (2.9) | |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | 8 (2.5) | 5 (3.0) | 2 (1.9) | |
Intradomiciliary passive exposure | 142 (43.6) | 67 (39.6) | 48 (45.7) | |
Type of domestic cooking fuel | ||||
Wood/Coal | 39 (12) | 19 (11.2) | 13 (12.4) | |
Propane | 69 (21.2) | 36 (21.3) | 20 (19.0) | |
Natural Gas | 244 (74.8) | 124 (73.3) | 82 (78.0) | |
Electricity | 3 (0.9) | 2 (1.18) | 1 (0.96) | |
Trash burning at home during pregnancy | Yes | 65 (19.9) | 34 (20.1) | 22 (21.0) |
Passive exposure to trash fume at neighborhood | Yes | 172 (52.8) | 88 (52.1) | 60 (57.1) |
Exposure to pets and to other domestic animals | ||||
Living with pet during pregnancy | 157 (48.2) | 82 (48.5) | 52 (49.5) | |
Dog during pregnancy | 143 (43.9) | 77 (45.6) | 48 (45.7) | |
Cat during pregnancy | 41 (12.6) | 23 (13.6) | 10 (9.5) | |
Living with dog/cat during the whole pregnancy | Yes | 107 (32.8) | 55 (32.5) | 37 (35.2) |
Intradomiciliary contact poultry/pigs during pregnancy | Yes | 44 (13.5) | 20 (11.8) | 17 (16.2) |
Antibiotics during pregnancy | ||||
Yes | 159 (48.7)** | 80 (47.3) | 57 (54.2) | |
None | 157 (48.1) | 84 (49.7) | 46 (43.8) | |
Missing/no remember | 10 (3.06) | 5 (2.95) | 2 (1.90) | |