Table 2 Baseline characteristics and demographic data between two groups
From: Impact of clinical pathway on clinical outcomes in the management of COPD exacerbation
Characteristic | Total N = 193 | Non-Clinical Pathway (n = 98) | Clinical Pathway (n = 95) | Pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years ± sd*) | 68.48 ± 8.84 | 68.78 ± 8.45 | 68.18 ± 9.27 | 0.641# |
Gender [n(%)] | ||||
Male | 168 (87.0) | 82 (83.7) | 86 (90.5) | 0.156ƛ |
Female | 25 (13.0) | 16 (16.3) | 9 (9.5) | |
Ethnicity [n(%)] | ||||
Malay | 51 (26.4) | 25 (25.5) | 26 (27.4) | 0.353£ |
Chinese | 110 (57.0) | 61 (62.2) | 49 (51.6) | |
Indian | 29 (15.0) | 11 (11.2) | 18 (18.9) | |
Others | 3 (1.6) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.1) | |
Level of education [n(%)] | ||||
No formal education | 31 (16.1) | 18 (18.4) | 13 (13.7) | 0.035ƛ |
Primary | 94 (48.7) | 54 (55.1) | 40 (42.1) | |
Secondary | 68 (35.2) | 26 (26.5) | 42 (44.2) | |
Working status [n(%)] | ||||
Work(non-professional) | 37 (19.2) | 15 (15.5) | 22 (23.2) | 0.166ƛ |
Not working | 156 (80.8) | 83 (84.7) | 73 (76.8) | |
BMI in kg/m2 (range) | 24.4 (20.9–27.2) | 24.6 (21.5–27.5) | 23.8 (19.1–27.0) | 0.382α |
BMI category (%) | ||||
Underweight (<18.5) | 24 (14.4) | 5 (6.9) | 19 (20.0) | 0.029£ |
Normal (18.5 – 22.9) | 42 (25.1) | 23 (31.9) | 19 (20.0) | |
Overweight (23 – 27.4) | 67 (40.1) | 26 (36.1) | 41 (43.2) | |
Obese (>27.4) | 32 (20.4) | 18 (25.0) | 16 (16.8) | |
Smoking status [n(%)] | ||||
Current smoker | 22 (11.4) | 17 (17.3) | 5 (5.3) | 0.008ƛ |
Ex-smoker | 171 (88.6) | 81 (82.7) | 90 (94.7) | |
Stage of disease [n(%)] | ||||
Stage 2 | 7 (4.0) | 4 (4.8) | 3 (3.4) | 0.924£ |
Stage 3 | 46 (26.6) | 22 (26.2) | 24 (27.0) | |
Stage 4 | 120 (69.4) | 58 (69.0) | 62 (69.7) | |
Co Morbidity [n(%)] | ||||
NO | 83 (43.0) | 38 (38.8) | 45 (47.4) | 0.228ƛ |
YES | 110 (57.0) | 60 (61.2) | 50 (52.6) | |
Types of Co morbidity[n(%)] | ||||
Hypertension | 91 (47.2) | 49 (50.0) | 42 (44.2) | 0.421ƛ |
Diabetes Mellitus | 37 (19.2) | 18 (18.4) | 19 (20.0) | 0.773ƛ |
Ischemic heart disease | 52 (26.9) | 28 (28.6) | 24 (25.3) | 0.605ƛ |
Dyslipidemia | 48 (24.9) | 26 (26.5) | 22 (23.2) | 0.588ƛ |
Chronic kidney disease | 10 (5.2) | 5 (5.1) | 5 (5.3) | 0.607£ |