Correlation of respiratory symptoms and spirometric lung patterns in a rural community setting, Sindh, Pakistan: a cross sectional survey

Table 3 Crude and adjusted logistic regression analysis of respiratory symptoms with spirometric lung function patterns, taluka Gambat district Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan

	Crude OR	Adjusted OR*	P - value
	(Confidence interval)	(Confidence interval)
% Predicted FVC volume ¹⁴
Cough ¹⁵	2.02 (0.86 – 4.72)	2.33 (0.87 – 6.19)	0.089
Phlegm ¹⁶	2.35 (1.04 – 5.27)	3.01 (1.14 – 7.94)	<0.026
Wheeze	4.34 (1.81 – 10.42)	7.22 (2.52 – 20.67)	<0.001
Shortness of breath ¹⁷	3.28 (1.22 – 8.84)	4.91(1.57 – 15.36)	<0.006
% Predicted FEV ₁ volumes ¹⁸
Cough	2.44 (1.11 – 5.35)	2.69 (1.12 – 6.43)	0.026
Phlegm	2.33 (1.1 – 4.9)	3.01 (1.26 – 7.16)	0.013
Wheeze	6.73 (2.41 – 18.76)	10.77 (3.45 – 33.6)	<0.001
Shortness of breath	2.35 (0.88 – 6.28)	2.23 (0.78– 6.36)	0.131
% Predicted FEV ₁ /FVC ratio ¹⁹
Cough	3.47 (1.05 – 11.41)	3.02 (0.62 – 14.65)	0.169
Phlegm	2.94 (0.90 – 9.60)	3.85 (0.68 – 21.8)	0.127
Wheeze	3.13 (0.88 – 11.03)	4.28 (0.73 – 24.81)	0.105
Shortness of breath	4.8 (1.32 – 17.45)	3.45 (0.69 – 17.15)	0.130
Presence of obstructive ²⁰ and/or restrictive lung disease (Total sample N 188)
Cough	3.30 (1.43 – 7.06)	3.24 (1.18 – 8.79)	0.021
Phlegm	3.48 (1.56 – 7.72)	5.33 (1.94 – 14.69)	0.001
Wheeze	7.41(2.44 – 22.49)	12.10 (3.34 – 43.79)	<0.001
Shortness of breath	3.34 (1.15 – 9.70)	3.02 (0.93 – 9.87)	0.67

*Adjusted for age, height, weight, sex, smoking status, education, socioeconomic status, spoken dialect and arsenic levels.
^14. Entered as dichotomous variable >80% and <80%.
^15. Chronic cough defined as cough on most days of month, for 3 consecutive months or more in a year.
^16. Chronic phlegm defined as presence of phlegm for 3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years.
^17. Participants were asked: do you have to walk slower than people of your age on the level because of breathlessness?
^18. Entered as dichotomous variable >80% and <80%.
^19. Entered as dichotomous variable >70% and <70%.
^20. Obstructive lung disease: defined as having FEV₁ <80% and FEV₁/FVC <70%; restrictive lung disease: defined as having FEV₁ <80% and FEV₁/FVC >70%, sample size reduced due to missing/incomplete information; a composite variable containing both obstructive and restrictive lung function was created.

ISSN: 1471-2466