Table 4 Multivariate analyses of asthma related direct costs (€) (3-month observational period)

Level of control measured with GINA

Partially controlled (vs. controlled)

14.6

[-15.1 ; 44.3]

1.4

[-40.1 ; 42.9]

Uncontrolled (vs. controlled)

110.9*

[74.9 ; 146.8]

104.6*

[58.1 ; 151.1]

Gender

Men vs. women

−19.5

[-45.6; 6.6]

50.9*

[18.2 ; 83.6]

Age

45-64 years (vs. ≥ 18-44years)

39.2*

[10.1 ; 68.3]

88.3*

[51.5 ; 125.1]

≥ 65 years (vs. ≥ 18-44years)

51.3*

[17.1 ; 85.5]

79.6*

[35.3 ; 123.9]

Presence of exacerbation

Yes (vs. None)

74.6*

[46.5 ; 102.6]

159.8*

[122.4 ; 197.2]

Patient with at least one co-morbidity**

Yes (vs. None)

26.8

[-2.3 ; 55.9]

11.8

[-26.3 ;49.8]

Controller treatment

Yes (vs. None)

254.3*

[226.9 ; 281.6]

221.6*

[184.4 ; 258.7]

Patient followed by a lung specialist

Yes (vs. None)

59.7*

[33.7 ; 85.6]

218.7*

[181.0 ; 255.3]