Oral intake of phenylbutyrate with or without vitamin D3upregulates the cathelicidin LL-37 in human macrophages: a dose finding study for treatment of tuberculosis

Table 4 Expression of LL-37 peptide in non-adherent lymphocytes in healthy adults before and after supplementation

		LL-37 level in ICF (ng/million cells)
		Day-0	Day-4	Day-8
Group-I	NAL	0.24 ± 0.07	0.23 ±0.11	0.18 ± 0.12
Group-II	NAL	0.28 ± 0.04	0.49 ± 0.16 ^1,2	0.33 ± 0.11
Group-III	NAL	0.31 ± 0.11	0.25 ± 0.02	0.17 ± 0.06
Group-IV	NAL	0.27 ± 0.14	0.21 ± 0.02	0.68 ± 0.32 ^3,4
Group-V	NAL	0.19 ± 0.08	0.37 ± 0.07	0.27 ± 0.15

Note: Group-I: 250 mg PB b.d. + 5000 IU vitamin D₃ o.d.; Group-II: 500 mg PB b.d. + 5000 IU vitamin D₃ o.d.; Group-III: 1000 mg PB b.d. + 5000 IU vitamin D₃ o.d.; Group-IV: 500 mg PB b.d.; Group-V: 5000 IU vitamin D₃ o.d. Data expressed as Mean ± Standard Deviation. One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method was used for statistical analysis. Differences are significant, when p < 0.05. Difference between, ¹Group-II and -I within day-4 (p = 0.05); ²Group-II and -IV within day-4 (p = 0.03); ³Group-IV and -I within day-8 (p = 0.04); ⁴Group-IV and-III within day-8 (p = 0.036). ICF, Intracellular fluid; PB, Phenylbutyrate; NAL, Non-adherent lymphocytes; b.d., Twice daily; o.d., Once daily.

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