The health economic impact of disease management programs for COPD: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Results on difference in costs per patient (€ 2010)

	Development, implementation, operating	Healthcare utilization							Informal care	Direct-non medical costs	Productivity loss	Total
	Development, implementation, operating	Medication	Physician visits	Specialist visits	Other outpatient	ED visits	Hospitalization	Total healthcare utilization	Informal care	Direct-non medical costs	Productivity loss	Total
[36]								-47				-47
[31]		668¹	-12	-42	2038¹		-424	2229¹		-65	693	2856
[37]		-507*					1150	652				652
[39]	2007	79					-2098²	-2019*				-13
[28]	200	-182	-145*	-13			-708	-999		47*	-944	-1689
[38]#	2976		-22	-2		-158	-2448	-2630				347
[29]#	728	42	-6				-92	-56			280	950
[30]#	94		-79					-79				15
[34]#	545	13				-118	-936*	-1042				-497
[32]#	1850						-2004	-2004				-154
[33]#	712					-357	-1804	-2160				-1448

* Significant (p<0.05) ED visit= emergency department visit # no information of significance level available (n=5 studies), Dewan e.a. 2010 [34] reported only information on significance level of hospitalization and total costs - ¹Significantly higher cost: diet nutrition, physiotherapist, dietician, respiratory nurse. ²Costs includes hospitalization, ED visits and Physician visits.

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