Unadjusted | Adjusted* | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | ||
Sex | |||||||
Male | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
Female | 1.16 | (1.13, 1.19) | <0.001 | 1.22 | (1.19, 1.25) | <0.001 | |
Age (years) | |||||||
40–49 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
50–59 | 1.13 | (1.06, 1.20) | <0.001 | 1.15 | (1.08, 1.22) | <0.001 | |
60–69 | 1.23 | (1.16, 1.30) | <0.001 | 1.26 | (1.19, 1.34) | <0.001 | |
70–79 | 1.12 | (1.06, 1.19) | <0.001 | 1.10 | (1.04, 1.17) | <0.001 | |
80+ | 0.82 | (0.77, 0.87) | <0.001 | 0.75 | (0.71, 0.80) | <0.001 | |
Type of insurance | |||||||
Health insurance | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
Medical aid | 1.22 | (1.19, 1.26) | <0.001 | 1.15 | (1.12, 1.19) | <0.001 | |
Hospitalization | |||||||
Never | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
Ever | 1.51 | (1.48, 1.55) | <0.001 | 1.46 | (1.42, 1.50) | <0.001 | |
ICU hospitalization | |||||||
Never | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
Ever | 0.93 | (0.78, 1.10) | 0.385 | 0.68 | (0.57, 0.82) | <0.001 | |
Number of ER visits | |||||||
0 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
1–2 | 1.33 | (1.29, 1.37) | <0.001 | 1.11 | (1.07, 1.15) | <0.001 | |
3–4 | 1.76 | (1.62, 1.91) | <0.001 | 1.40 | (1.29, 1.53) | <0.001 | |
5+ | 2.44 | (2.09, 2.86) | <0.001 | 1.87 | (1.59, 2.21) | <0.001 | |
COPD severity | |||||||
No | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | |||||
Yes† | 1.14 | (1.11, 1.18) | <0.001 | 1.02 | (0.99, 1.06) | 0.186 |