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Table 3 Association of GERD with general characteristics in patients with COPD

From: Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a national cross-sectional cohort study

 

Unadjusted

Adjusted*

  

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

Sex

      
 

Male

1 (ref)

  

1 (ref)

  
 

Female

1.16

(1.13, 1.19)

<0.001

1.22

(1.19, 1.25)

<0.001

Age (years)

      
 

40–49

1 (ref)

  

1 (ref)

  
 

50–59

1.13

(1.06, 1.20)

<0.001

1.15

(1.08, 1.22)

<0.001

 

60–69

1.23

(1.16, 1.30)

<0.001

1.26

(1.19, 1.34)

<0.001

 

70–79

1.12

(1.06, 1.19)

<0.001

1.10

(1.04, 1.17)

<0.001

 

80+

0.82

(0.77, 0.87)

<0.001

0.75

(0.71, 0.80)

<0.001

Type of insurance

      
 

Health insurance

1 (ref)

  

1 (ref)

  
 

Medical aid

1.22

(1.19, 1.26)

<0.001

1.15

(1.12, 1.19)

<0.001

Hospitalization

      
 

Never

1 (ref)

  

1 (ref)

  
 

Ever

1.51

(1.48, 1.55)

<0.001

1.46

(1.42, 1.50)

<0.001

ICU hospitalization

      
 

Never

1 (ref)

  

1 (ref)

  
 

Ever

0.93

(0.78, 1.10)

0.385

0.68

(0.57, 0.82)

<0.001

Number of ER visits

      
 

0

1 (ref)

  

1 (ref)

  
 

1–2

1.33

(1.29, 1.37)

<0.001

1.11

(1.07, 1.15)

<0.001

 

3–4

1.76

(1.62, 1.91)

<0.001

1.40

(1.29, 1.53)

<0.001

 

5+

2.44

(2.09, 2.86)

<0.001

1.87

(1.59, 2.21)

<0.001

COPD severity

      
 

No

1 (ref)

  

1 (ref)

  
 

Yes

1.14

(1.11, 1.18)

<0.001

1.02

(0.99, 1.06)

0.186

  1. OR = odds ratio; ICU = intensive care unit; ER = emergency room.
  2. *Adjusted for sex, age, type of insurance, hospitalization, ICU hospitalization, number of ER visits by category, and COPD severity.
  3. The ‘severe’ group comprised patients who visited a tertiary medical institution and were prescribed ICS + LABA + LAMA, ICS + LABA + oral corticosteroid (OCS), or LAMA + OCS more than once per year.