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Table 4 Association of GERD with comorbidities and medication utilization in patients with COPD

From: Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a national cross-sectional cohort study

 

Unadjusted

Adjusted*

  

OR

95% CI

p

OR

95% CI

p

Comorbidity

      
 

Ischemic heart disease

1.42

(1.38, 1.46)

<0.001

1.31

(1.27, 1.35)

<0.001

 

Osteoporosis

1.57

(1.52, 1.61)

<0.001

1.46

(1.42, 1.51)

<0.001

 

Depressive disorder

2.02

(1.95, 2.10)

<0.001

1.87

(1.79, 1.94)

<0.001

 

Arthritis

1.60

(1.55, 1.64)

<0.001

1.55

(1.51, 1.60)

<0.001

 

Diabetes mellitus

1.23

(1.20, 1.27)

<0.001

1.14

(1.11, 1.17)

<0.001

 

Congestive heart failure

1.13

(1.08, 1.17)

<0.001

1.04

(0.99, 1.08)

0.078

 

Hypertension

1.15

(1.13, 1.18)

<0.001

1.11

(1.09, 1.14)

<0.001

 

Anemia

1.53

(1.45, 1.61)

<0.001

1.39

(1.32, 1.46)

<0.001

 

Metabolic syndrome

1.56

(1.52, 1.61)

<0.001

1.45

(1.41, 1.49)

<0.001

 

Barrett’s esophagus

14.46

(5.01, 41.73)

<0.001

15.10

(5.21, 43.79)

<0.001

 

Gastric ulcer

2.58

(2.52, 2.65)

<0.001

2.45

(2.38, 2.51)

<0.001

 

Duodenal ulcer

2.72

(2.57, 2.88)

<0.001

2.65

(2.51, 2.81)

<0.001

 

Peptic ulcer

1.82

(1.77, 1.88)

<0.001

1.74

(1.69, 1.79)

<0.001

 

Gastroduodenitis

2.96

(2.85, 3.07)

<0.001

2.82

(2.71, 2.92)

<0.001

Drug

      
 

ICS

1.33

(1.29, 1.38)

<0.001

1.13

(1.09, 1.17)

<0.001

 

ICS/LABA

1.14

(1.11, 1.16)

<0.001

1.05

(1.02, 1.08)

<0.001

 

LAMA

1.06

(1.03, 1.09)

<0.001

0.99

(0.96, 1.02)

0.567

 

LABA

1.12

(0.75, 1.67)

0.568

1.11

(0.74, 1.65)

0.624

 

LTRA

1.35

(1.31, 1.39)

<0.001

1.27

(1.23, 1.30)

<0.001

 

OCS

1.45

(1.42, 1.49)

<0.001

1.37

(1.34, 1.40)

<0.001

 

SAMA

1.20

(1.17, 1.24)

<0.001

0.96

(0.93, 0.99)

0.015

 

SABA

1.19

(1.16, 1.22)

<0.001

1.02

(0.99, 1.04)

0.237

 

SABA/SAMA

1.02

(0.95, 1.10)

0.627

0.97

(0.90, 1.04)

0.339

 

Oral beta-2 agonists

1.16

(1.13, 1.19)

<0.001

1.11

(1.09, 1.14)

<0.001

 

Theophylline

1.15

(1.11, 1.19)

<0.001

1.10

(1.07, 1.14)

<0.001

  1. OR = odds ratio; ICS = inhaled corticosteroid; LABA = long-acting beta-2 agonist; LAMA = long-acting muscarinic antagonist; LTRA = leukotriene receptor antagonist; OCS = oral corticosteroid; SAMA = short-acting muscarinic antagonist; SABA = short-acting beta-2 agonist.
  2. *Adjusted for sex, age, type of health insurance, hospitalization, ICU hospitalization, number of ER visits by category, and COPD severity.
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