Table 3 Quality assessment of the included randomized controlled trials
Citation | Random sequence generation | Allocation concealment | Blinding of participants | Blinding of personnel | Blinding of outcome assessment | Incomplete outcome data | Selective reporting | Funding bias | Overall bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Carroll et al. [35] | Low | Unclear | High | High | High | Low | Low | Low | High |
2. Hashimoto et al. [36] | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
3. Van der Meer et al. [37] | Low | Low | High | High | High | Low | Low | Low | Low |
4. Van der Meer et al. [38] | Low | Low | High | High | High | Low | Low | Low | Low |
5. Taylor et al. [39] | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
6. Fiks et al. [40] | Low | Unclear | High | High | High | Low | Low | Low | High |
7. Bell et al. [41] | Low | Unclear | High | High | High | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
8. Rassmusen et al. [42] | Low | High | High | High | High | High | High | High | High |
9. Dexheimer et al. [43] | Unclear | High | High | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
10. Smith et al. [44] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
11. Kattan et al. [45] | Low | Low | High | High | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low |
12. Tierney et al. [46] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low |
13. Martens et al. [47] | Low | High | Low | Unclear | Unclear | High | High | High | High |
14. Martens et al. [48] | Low | High | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | High | Unclear |
15. Martens et al. [49] | Low | High | Low | High | Unclear | Low | Low | High | High |
16. Kuilboer et al. [50] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low |
17. Poels et al. [51] | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
18. Poels et al. [52] | Low | Unclear | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
19. Frickton et al. [53] | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |