Figure 5

Effect of carbachol on TGF-β1 release by A549 cells. Cells were stimulated with carbachol (10 μM) for the indicated times (A) or carbachol (0.1–10 μM) for 24 h (B), or with the addition of atropine (10 μM), pirenzepine (10 μM), methoctramine (10 μM), or 4-DAMP (1 μM), which was administered 1 h before stimulation with carbachol (1 μM) for 24 h (C). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. from at least four experiments. ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01 vs. control; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. carbachol.