Bronchial asthma is associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease

BMC Pulmonary Medicine

Table 5 Hazard ratios (HRs) of asthma patients by drug used compared to patients without drug use

Variables	n (%)	HR (95% CI)	HR* (95% CI)	HR** (95% CI) With steroid	HR*** (95% CI) Without steroid	HR**** (95% CI)
Steroid
Yes (n = 19720)	1038 (5.3%)	0.68 (0.62-0.73)^‡	0.56 (0.52-0.61)^‡	N/A	N/A	N/A
No (n = 15366)	1158 (7.5%)
Expectorant
Yes (n = 6818)	339 (5.0%)	0.74 (0.66-0.83)^‡	0.59 (0.53-0.67)^‡	0.63 (0.54-0.74)^‡	0.65 (0.55-0.78)^‡	0.64 (0.57-0.72)^‡
No (n = 28268)	1857 (6.6%)
Bronchodilators
Yes (n = 19933)	1157 (5.8%)	0.84 (0.77-0.91)^‡	0.67 (0.61-0.72)^‡	0.78 (0.68-0.89)^‡	0.78 (0.69-0.88)^‡	0.78 (0.71-0.85)^‡
No (n = 15153)	1039 (6.9%)
Anti-muscarinic agents
Yes (n = 4298)	264 (6.1%)	1.00 (0.88-1.14)	0.72 (0.63-0.82)^‡	0.87 (0.75-1.01)	0.86 (0.64-1.14)	0.87 (0.76-0.99)^‡
No (n = 30788)	1932 (6.3%)
Airway smooth relaxant
Yes (n = 19222)	1245 (6.5%)	1.07 (0.99-1.17)	0.75 (0.69-0.82)^‡	0.88 (0.77-1.02)	0.91 (0.81-1.03)	0.90 (0.82-0.99)^†
No (n = 15864)	951 (6.0%)
Leukotriene receptor antagonist
Yes (n = 1432)	46 (3.2%)	0.48 (0.36-0.65)^‡	0.59 (0.44-0.79)^‡	0.72 (0.52-1.00)	0.62 (0.32-1.20)	0.69 (0.52-0.93)^†
No (n = 33654)	2150 (6.4%)

Note: HR*, each factor was adjusted for diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and heart disease.
CI, confidence interval; n (%), number of participants with CKD and% of participants.
^† p < 0.05 for comparison between patients with asthma and without asthma; ^‡ p < 0.001 for comparison between patient with asthma and without asthma.
Hazard ratios (HRs) of asthma patients by drug used. In each drug, the HR was compared with patients without drug. (a) Crude HR (95% CI) for each drug. (b) HR *(95% CI) for each drug, adjusted for co-morbidities. (c) Patients with steroid HR **(95% CI) for each drug, adjusted for co-morbidities. (d) Patients without steroid use HR ***(95% CI) for each drug, adjusted for co-morbidities. (e) HR **** (95% CI) for each drug, adjusted for co-morbidities and steroid use.

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