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Table 2 Risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma based on the cumulative dose of ICS and OCS

From: The use of corticosteroids in patients with COPD or asthma does not decrease lung squamous cell carcinoma

 

Mode 1

Model 2

All

Male

Female

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

OR (95 % CI)

p-value

Medication within 2-year prior to index datea

      

 ICS (cDDDs per quartier)

      

  No use

1

-

1

-

1

-

  Lower dose (≦18.8)b

2.09 (1.52–2.88)

<.0001

2.18 (1.56–3.04)

<.0001

1.16 (0.35–3.85)

0.812

  Higher dose (>18.8)

1.88 (1.32–2.66)

<0.001

1.77 (1.22–2.57)

0.003

2.96 (0.87–10.04)

0.082

 OCS (Hydrocortisone equivalent/quarter)

      

  No use

1

-

1

-

1

-

  Lower dose (≦90.0 mg)b

1.48 (1.20–1.83)

<0.001

1.46 (1.16–1.84)

0.001

1.59 (0.88–2.87)

0.124

  Higher dose (>90.0 mg)

1.54 (1.22–1.93)

<0.001

1.55 (1.22–1.98)

<0.001

1.51 (0.75–3.04)

0.253

  1. Each model was adjusted by low income, urbanization, health care utility, comorbidities and aspirin use
  2. cDDD cumulative defined daily dose, CI confidence interval, ICS inhaled corticosteroid, OCS oral corticosteroid, OR odds ratio
  3. aIndex date was defined as the date of lung cancer diagnosis
  4. bLow and high-dose ICS and OCS were defined by the median of cumulative ICS and OCS dose (18.8 DDD / quarter and 90 mg hydrocortisone/quarter, respectively).
  5. Significant data are presented in bold font