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Table 2 Predominant bacteria according to the bacterial floral analysis of 16S rRNA gene and cultivation methods

From: The significance of oral streptococci in patients with pneumonia with risk factors for aspiration: the bacterial floral analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

 

Total

Presence of risk factors for aspiration

Absence of risk factors for aspiration

 

Clone Library Method

 

Culture

Clone Library Method

 

Culture

Clone Library Method

Culture

 

The predominant phylotypes in BALF

BALF

Sputum

The predominant phylotypes in BALF

BALF

Sputum

The predominant phylotypes in BALF

BALF

Sputum

Gram-positive pathogens

         

Streptococcus pneumoniae

23 (12.8)

21 (11.7)

12 (13.0)

10 (11.9)

7 (8.0)

5 (12.0)

13 (13.7)

14 (15.2)

7 (13.7)

Streptococcus spp.

40 (22.3)

9 (5.0)

6 (6.5)

26 (31.0)

4 (4.5)

2 (4.8)

14 (14.7)

5 (5.4)

4 (7.8)

  Streptococcus anginosus group

5 (2.8)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

5 (6.0)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

  Other Streptococcus spp.

35 (19.6)

8 (4.4)

6 (6.5)

21 (25.0)

3 (3.4)

2 (4.8)

14 (14.7)

5 (5.4)

4 (7.8)

Staphylococcus aureus

8 (4.5)

21 (11.7)

15 (16.1)

4 (4.8)

11 (12.5)

8 (19.0)

4 (4.2)

10 (10.9)

7 (13.7)

   Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus

7 (3.9)

4 (4.3)

5 (5.7)

1 (2.4)

2 (2.2)

3 (5.9)

   Methicillin-resistant S. aureus

14 (7.8)

11 (11.8)

6 (6.8)

7 (16.7)

8 (8.7)

4 (7.8)

Staphylococcus spp. (except S. aureus)

2 (1.1)

2 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.1)

2 (2.2)

0 (0.0)

Corynebacterium spp.

6 (3.4)

2 (1.1)

1 (1.1)

5 (6.0)

1 (1.1)

1 (2.4)

1 (1.1)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

Gemella spp.

2 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.4)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Lactobacillus spp.

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Rothia spp.

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Gram-negative pathogens

Haemophilus spp.

28 (15.6)

23 (12.8)

10 (10.8)

14 (16.7)

8 (9.1)

5 (12.0)

14 (14.7)

15 (16.3)

5 (9.8)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

10 (5.6)

18 (10.0)

9 (9.7)

2 (2.4)

8 (9.1)

3 (7.1)

8 (8.4)

10 (10.9)

6 (11.8)

Pseudomonas spp. (except P. aeruginosa)

0 (0.0)

2 (1.1)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

1 (2.0)

Moraxella spp.

8 (4.5)

7 (3.9)

4 (4.3)

5 (6.0)

5 (5.7)

1 (2.4)

3 (3.2)

2 (2.2)

3 (5.9)

Neisseria spp.

5 (2.8)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

4 (4.2)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Klebsiella spp

4 (2.2)

12 (6.7)

6 (6.5)

3 (3.6)

10 (11.4)

6 (14.3)

1 (1.1)

2 (2.2)

0 (0.0)

Escherichia coli

2 (1.1)

5 (2.8)

2 (2.2)

2 (2.4)

5 (5.7)

2 (4.8)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Enterobacter spp.

1 (0.6)

2 (1.1)

2 (2.2)

1 (1.2)

2 (2.3)

1 (2.4)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (2.0)

Acinetobacter spp.

0 (0.0)

2 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

Citrobacter spp.

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

1 (2.4)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Serratia spp.

0 (0.0)

2 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.3)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Burkholderia spp.

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

Proteus spp.

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Pasteurella spp.

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

Anaerobic pathogens

22 (12.3)

8 (4.4)

0 (0.0)

5 (6.0)

5 (5.7)

0 (0.0)

17 (17.9)

3 (3.3)

0 (0.0)

Prevotella spp.

11 (6.1)

3 (1.7)

0 (0.0)

4 (4.8)

2 (2.3)

0 (0.0)

7 (7.4)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

Fusobacterium spp.

5 (2.8)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

4 (4.2)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

Micromonas spp.

2 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Propionibacterium spp.

2 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Veillonella spp.

1 (0.6)

2 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.3)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Porphyromonas spp

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Peptostreptococcus spp.

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

Clostridium spp.

0 (0.0)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Atypical pathogens

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

14 (7.8)

2 (2.4)

12 (12.6)

Legionella pneumonia

1 (0.6)

1 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

Actinomyces spp.

0 (0.0)

2 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.2)

0 (0.0)

Nocardia spp.

1 (0.6)

1 (0.6)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.1)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

Oral bacteria

37 (20.9)

24 (25.8)

16 (18.2)

7 (16.7)

21 (22.8)

17 (33.3)

No growth

32 (18.1)

4 (4.7)

15 (18.1)

1 (2.8)

17 (18.1)

3 (6.0)

Not analysed

91 (51.4)

47 (56.6)

44 (46.8)

Total isolates

179a

180

93

84b

88

42

95c

92

51

  1. Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise stated. Percentages refer to the total number of isolates except “No growth” and “Not analysed”. “No growth” and “Not analysed” refer to the total number of cases. Definition of abbreviations: BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. a179 isolates of 177 cases (2 cases had two first predominant bacterial species.).b84 isolates of 83 cases.c95 isolates of 94 cases