Total | Presence of risk factors for aspiration | Absence of risk factors for aspiration | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clone Library Method | Culture | Clone Library Method | Culture | Clone Library Method | Culture | ||||
The predominant phylotypes in BALF | BALF | Sputum | The predominant phylotypes in BALF | BALF | Sputum | The predominant phylotypes in BALF | BALF | Sputum | |
Gram-positive pathogens | |||||||||
Streptococcus pneumoniae | 23 (12.8) | 21 (11.7) | 12 (13.0) | 10 (11.9) | 7 (8.0) | 5 (12.0) | 13 (13.7) | 14 (15.2) | 7 (13.7) |
Streptococcus spp. | 40 (22.3) | 9 (5.0) | 6 (6.5) | 26 (31.0) | 4 (4.5) | 2 (4.8) | 14 (14.7) | 5 (5.4) | 4 (7.8) |
Streptococcus anginosus group | 5 (2.8) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (6.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Other Streptococcus spp. | 35 (19.6) | 8 (4.4) | 6 (6.5) | 21 (25.0) | 3 (3.4) | 2 (4.8) | 14 (14.7) | 5 (5.4) | 4 (7.8) |
Staphylococcus aureus | 8 (4.5) | 21 (11.7) | 15 (16.1) | 4 (4.8) | 11 (12.5) | 8 (19.0) | 4 (4.2) | 10 (10.9) | 7 (13.7) |
Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus | – | 7 (3.9) | 4 (4.3) | – | 5 (5.7) | 1 (2.4) | – | 2 (2.2) | 3 (5.9) |
Methicillin-resistant S. aureus | – | 14 (7.8) | 11 (11.8) | – | 6 (6.8) | 7 (16.7) | – | 8 (8.7) | 4 (7.8) |
Staphylococcus spp. (except S. aureus) | 2 (1.1) | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.1) | 2 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) |
Corynebacterium spp. | 6 (3.4) | 2 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | 5 (6.0) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (2.4) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Gemella spp. | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Lactobacillus spp. | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Rothia spp. | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Gram-negative pathogens | |||||||||
Haemophilus spp. | 28 (15.6) | 23 (12.8) | 10 (10.8) | 14 (16.7) | 8 (9.1) | 5 (12.0) | 14 (14.7) | 15 (16.3) | 5 (9.8) |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 10 (5.6) | 18 (10.0) | 9 (9.7) | 2 (2.4) | 8 (9.1) | 3 (7.1) | 8 (8.4) | 10 (10.9) | 6 (11.8) |
Pseudomonas spp. (except P. aeruginosa) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (2.0) |
Moraxella spp. | 8 (4.5) | 7 (3.9) | 4 (4.3) | 5 (6.0) | 5 (5.7) | 1 (2.4) | 3 (3.2) | 2 (2.2) | 3 (5.9) |
Neisseria spp. | 5 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Klebsiella spp | 4 (2.2) | 12 (6.7) | 6 (6.5) | 3 (3.6) | 10 (11.4) | 6 (14.3) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) |
Escherichia coli | 2 (1.1) | 5 (2.8) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (2.4) | 5 (5.7) | 2 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Enterobacter spp. | 1 (0.6) | 2 (1.1) | 2 (2.2) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.3) | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.0) |
Acinetobacter spp. | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Citrobacter spp. | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Serratia spp. | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Burkholderia spp. | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Proteus spp. | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Pasteurella spp. | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Anaerobic pathogens | 22 (12.3) | 8 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (6.0) | 5 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (17.9) | 3 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) |
Prevotella spp. | 11 (6.1) | 3 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.8) | 2 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (7.4) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Fusobacterium spp. | 5 (2.8) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.2) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Micromonas spp. | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Propionibacterium spp. | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Veillonella spp. | 1 (0.6) | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Porphyromonas spp | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Peptostreptococcus spp. | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Clostridium spp. | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Atypical pathogens | |||||||||
Mycoplasma pneumoniae | 14 (7.8) | – | – | 2 (2.4) | – | – | 12 (12.6) | – | – |
Legionella pneumonia | 1 (0.6) | – | – | 1 (1.2) | – | – | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
Actinomyces spp. | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) |
Nocardia spp. | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) |
Oral bacteria | – | 37 (20.9) | 24 (25.8) | – | 16 (18.2) | 7 (16.7) | – | 21 (22.8) | 17 (33.3) |
No growth | – | 32 (18.1) | 4 (4.7) | – | 15 (18.1) | 1 (2.8) | – | 17 (18.1) | 3 (6.0) |
Not analysed | – | – | 91 (51.4) | – | – | 47 (56.6) | – | – | 44 (46.8) |
Total isolates | 179a | 180 | 93 | 84b | 88 | 42 | 95c | 92 | 51 |