Fig. 4
From: Challenges on non-invasive ventilation to treat acute respiratory failure in the elderly
Flow-chart depicting the potential integrated respiratory therapies in adjunct to NIV in case of risk of failure in cases of elderly patients with DNI status. ARF: acute respiratory failure, ECCO2R: extracorporeal CO2 removal, FOB: flexible bronchoscopy, HES: hypercapnic encephalopathy syndrome, HFCWO: high-frequency chest wall oscillation, HFNC: high-flow nasal cannula, NIV: non-invasive ventilation