Table 1 Characteristics of study patients and risk factors for recurrent pneumonia; Cox proportional hazard analysis

Male

467 (55.5)

1.27

0.9

1.79

0.167

1.08

0.73

1.59

0.696

Age group (years old)

15–49

137 (16.3)

Ref.

50–74

308 (36.6)

3.71

1.58

8.69

0.003

2.04

0.84

4.99

0.116

≥75

396 (47.1)

6.29

2.75

14.4

<0.001

2.6

1.06

6.43

0.038

HCAP

164 (19.5)

2.05

1.41

2.98

<0.001

1.45

0.92

2.31

0.112

Past Pneumonia History^a

218 (25.9)

2.86

2.04

4

<0.001

1.95

1.35

2.8

<0.001

Albumin (g/dl)

<3.5

330 (39.2)

1.74

1.23

2.45

0.002

Unknown

83 (9.9)

0.39

0.16

0.97

0.042

Body Mass Index

<18

120 (14.3)

1.82

1.19

2.79

0.006

1.41

0.89

2.23

0.14

Unknown

221 (26.3)

0.77

0.5

1.19

0.24

0.9

0.57

1.41

0.64

Performance Status

≧2

139 (16.5)

1.97

1.29

3.01

0.002

1.08

0.62

1.9

0.787

Unknown

299 (35.6)

0.9

0.61

1.33

0.594

0.66

0.42

1.03

0.067

CURB

0

292 (34.7)

Ref.

1

301 (35.8)

0.99

0.67

1.46

0.942

≧2

208 (24.7)

1.07

0.7

1.65

0.752

Unknown

40 (4.8)

0.26

0.06

1.08

0.063

Comorbidities

Diabetes Mellitus

153 (18.2)

1.42

0.95

2.12

0.085

1.39

0.89

2.18

0.149

Heart Failure

88 (10.5)

0.79

0.43

1.47

0.46

Ischemic Heart Diseases

42 (5.0)

2.05

1.13

3.71

0.017

1.18

0.61

2.29

0.616

Collagen Diseases

66 (7.9)

2.16

1.33

3.5

0.002

1.57

0.69

3.56

0.282

Dementia

62 (7.4)

1.59

0.91

2.76

0.1

1.29

0.68

2.43

0.431

Malignancy without Lung Cancer^b

130 (15.5)

1.02

0.64

1.64

0.929

Lung Cancer

21 (2.5)

2.36

1.04

5.35

0.04

2.63

1.09

6.34

0.031

Bronchial Asthma

82 (9.8)

1

0.57

1.74

0.998

Tuberculosis

30 (3.6)

0.57

0.18

1.8

0.343

Chronic Pulmonary Diseases

173 (20.6)

2.83

2.01

3.98

<0.001

1.86

1.24

2.78

0.003

Others

480 (57.1)

1.23

0.87

1.73

0.246

Aspiration Risk Factor

236 (28.1)

1.66

1.17

2.36

0.004

1.01

0.65

1.58

0.958

Medication

Oral Corticosteroids

76 (9.0)

2.14

1.33

3.44

0.002

1.48

0.74

2.96

0.263

Inhaled Corticosteroids

86 (10.2)

2.57

1.71

3.88

<0.001

1.78

1.12

2.84

0.015

Immunosuppressants

27 (3.2)

2

0.98

4.1

0.056

1.3

0.5

3.36

0.591

ACE-I^c

37 (4.4)

0.31

0.08

1.25

0.1

0.22

0.05

0.91

0.037

Statins

114 (13.6)

0.97

0.59

1.6

0.919

0.95

0.57

1.6

0.854

Biological Products

11 (1.3)

2.44

0.9

6.61

0.078

1.99

0.62

6.37

0.247

Anticancer Drugs

29 (3.5)

0.39

0.1

1.58

0.186

0.41

0.1

1.7

0.221

Acid-Suppressing Drugs

235 (27.9)

1.41

0.99

2.02

0.059

0.97

0.64

1.48

0.893

Antipsychotic Drugs

44 (5.2)

1.85

1.02

3.35

0.041

1.74

0.91

3.35

0.096

Hypnotics and Sedatives

70 (8.3)

2.81

1.81

4.37

<0.001

2.06

1.28

3.31

0.003

Others

498 (59.2)

1.49

1.04

2.12

0.029

1.23

0.82

1.85

0.311