Table 2 Characteristics of patients using regular metered dose inhalers, and univariate comparison of 10 correct steps vs 3 errors or more, and no critical error vs critical errors
From: Predictors of correct technique in patients using pressurized metered dose inhalers
All | 10–12 steps | <10steps | P value | No critical error | critical error | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | 208 | 133(63.9%) | 75(36.1%) | 67(32.2%) | 141(67.8%) | ||
Male gender | 97(46.6%) | 69(51.9%) | 28(37.7%) | 0.04 | 31(46.3%) | 66(46.8%) | 0.94 |
Mean age(STD) | 57.6(15.4) | 57(14.5) | 58.6(16.9) | 0.45 | 57.6(12.5) | 57.6(16.6) | 0.99 |
Asthma diagnosis | 164(78.9%) | 110(82.7%) | 54(72.0%) | 0.08 | 57(85.1%) | 107(75.9%) | 0.11 |
Advised to use spacer | 170(81.7%) | 109(82%) | 61(81.3%) | 0.91 | 56(83.6%) | 114(80.9%) | 0.626 |
Observed to use spacer | 132(63.5%) | 78(58.6%) | 54(72%) | 0.05 | 38(56.7%) | 94(66.7%) | 0.17 |
Inhaled corticosteroids | 180(86.6%) | 120(90.2%) | 60(80%) | 0.05 | 59(88.1%) | 121(85.8%) | 0.65 |
LABA via aerolizer | 68(32.7%) | 43(32.3%) | 25(33.3%) | 0.88 | 19(28.4%) | 49(34.8%) | 0.35 |
Inhaled ipratropium bromide | 38(18.3%) | 21(15.8%) | 17(22.7%) | 0.24 | 30(21.3%) | 8(11.9%) | 0.12 |
Mean education 1–4 (STD) | 2.09(0.98) | 2.21(1.03) | 1.88(0.85) | 0.014 | 2.24(1.0) | 2.02(0.97) | 0.14 |
Married status | 136(65.4%) | 92(69.2%) | 44(58.7%) | 0.13 | 48(71.6%) | 88(62.4%) | 0.18 |
Smoker Y/N | 24(11.5%) | 13(9.8%) | 11(14.7%) | 0.31 | 7(10.4%) | 17(12.1%) | 0.72 |
Resp physician Follow up | 144(69.2%) | 92(69.2%) | 52(69.3%) | 0.98 | 43(64.2%) | 101(71.6%) | 0.26 |
Resp physician explained Y/N | 185(88.9%) | 118(88.7%) | 67(89.3%) | 0.89 | 63(94%) | 122(86.5%) | 0.06 |
Resp explained – number of times 1–7 | 3.37(2.8) | 4(2.70) | 3.37(2.62) | 0.16 | 3.9(2.64) | 3.74(2.71) | 0.28 |
Resp physician time to explain 1–5 | 1.81(1.37) | 1.91(1.46) | 1.63(1.18) | 0.13 | 1.85(1.38) | 1.78(1.37) | 0.76 |
GP follow up | 87(41.8%) | 54(40.6%) | 33(44%) | 0.94 | 27(40.3%) | 60(42.6%) | 0.8 |
GP explained Y/N | 104(50%) | 69(51.9%) | 35(46.7%) | 0.47 | 32(47.8%) | 72(51.1% | 0.66 |
GP explained times 0–7 | 1.43(2.19) | 1.40(2.12) | 1.48(3.27) | 0.8 | 1.36(2.12) | 1.46(2.22) | 0.75 |
GP time to explain(0–5) | 0.97(1.25) | 1(1.27) | 0.92(1.23) | 0.66 | 0.96(1.33) | 0.98(1.22) | 0.9 |
Any follow up | 187(89.9%) | 119(89.5%) | 68(90.7%) | 0.78 | 59(88.1%) | 128(90.8%) | 0.56 |
Other health care professional explained | 60(28.9%) | 48(36.1%) | 12(16%) | 0.001 | 21(31.3%) | 39(27.7%) | 0.59 |
Info-other source | 86(41.4%) | 56(42.1%) | 30(40%) | 0.77 | 31(46.3%) | 55(39%) | 0.37 |
Years of inhaler use (decades) | 1.88(1.59) | 2.02(1.58) | 1.62(1.58) | 0.08 | 2.01(1.46) | 1.82(1.65) | 0.4 |
Technique self-score 0–10 | 7.8(2.25) | 8.06(2.02) | 7.28(2.56) | 0.025 | 7.96(2.21) | 7.7(2.28) | 0.434 |
Perception as effective 1–5 | 2.45(0.8) | 2.4(0.735) | 2.48(0.84) | 0.47 | 2.4(0.74) | 2.48 | 0.47 |
Ease of use 1–5 (SD) | 3.1(1.0) | 3.15(0.97) | 2.97(0.99) | 0.21 | 3.12(0.95) | 3.07(1.0) | 0.74 |
Concern inhaler side effects 0/1 | 44(21.2%) | 30(22.6%) | 14(18.7%) | 0.6 | 19(28.4%) | 25(17.7%) | 0.09 |
Diabetes | 34(16.35%) | 20(15%) | 14(18.7%) | 0.51 | 12(17.9%) | 22(15.6%) | 0.68 |
Cholesterol | 59(28.4%) | 33(24.8%) | 26(34.7%) | 0.14 | 16(23.9%) | 43(30.5%) | 0.31 |
Hypertension | 93(44.71%) | 56(42.1%) | 37(49.3%) | 0.32 | 30(44.8%) | 63(44.7%) | 0.99 |
Heart disease | 34(16.4%) | 14(10.5%) | 20(26.7%) | 0.005 | 7(10.4%) | 27(19.1%) | 0.08 |
Influenza vaccine (current) | 121(58.2%) | 44(57.9%) | 77(58.7%) | 0.91 | 36(53.7%) | 85(60.3%) | 0.38 |
Pneumococcal vaccine | 40(19.23%) | 30(22.6%) | 10(13.3%) | 0.08 | 13(19.4%) | 27(19.1%) | 0.97 |