| 45-64 years | 65-84 years | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | General population | Diabetic patients | p value | General population | Diabetic patients | p value |
 | (n = 676) | (n = 94) |  | (n = 591) | (n = 165) |  |
Female (%) | 360 (53.3) | 37 (39.4) | 0.015 | 261 (44.2) | 66 (40.2) | 0.375 |
Age (mean ± SD) | 55.3 (± 5.8) | 56.1 (± 5.8) | z = −1.30, p = 0.193 | 73.3 (± 5.5) | 73.2 (± 5.5) | z = 0.20, p = 0.842 |
Education level (%) |  |  | z = −4.73, p < 0.001 |  |  | z = −6.58, p < 0.001 |
 Primary school | 86 (15.6) | 29 (31.5) |  | 258 (44.2) | 119 (74.8) |  |
 Secondary school | 186 (33.6) | 36 (39.1) |  | 162 (27.7) | 24 (15.1) |  |
 High school | 192 (34.7) | 24 (26.1) |  | 120 (20.5) | 15 (9.4) |  |
 University | 89 (16.1) | 3 (3.3) |  | 44 (7.5) | 1 (0.6) |  |
Smoking habits (%) | Â | Â | 0.418 | Â | Â | 0.560 |
 Never-smokers | 278 (42.1) | 31 (34.8) |  | 330 (57.8) | 85 (55.6) |  |
 Ex-smokers | 228 (34.6) | 35 (39.3) |  | 185 (32.4) | 56 (36.6) |  |
 Current smokers | 154 (23.3) | 23 (25.8) |  | 56 (9.8) | 12 (7.8) |  |
Heavy vehicle traffic exposure |  |  | z = −2.51, p = 0.012 |  |  | z = −6.43, p < 0.001 |
 Never | 121 (22.1) | 18 (20.2) |  | 144 (25.1) | 15 (9.3) |  |
 Seldom | 236 (43.1) | 32 (36.0) |  | 227 (39.6) | 59 (36.4) |  |
 Frequently | 113 (20.7) | 11 (12.4) |  | 128 (22.3) | 30 (18.5) |  |
 Constantly | 77 (14.1) | 28 (31.5) |  | 74 (12.9) | 58 (35.8) |  |