Table 4 Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease among Adults Aged 45-74 Years in the Southern Cone of Latin America

Sex, men

1.7 (1.4, 2.1)

1.8 (1.4, 2.3)

1.5 (1.1, 2.0)

1.5 (1.1, 2.2)

Age, years

45-54

ref

ref

ref

ref

55-64

2.1 (1.5, 2.9)

2.3 (1.7, 3.3)

1.4 (1.0, 2.0)

1.5 (1.0, 2.2)

65-74

4.6 (3.4, 6.2)

6.1 (4.4, 8.6)

2.1 (1.4, 3.0)

2.7 (1.7, 4.1)

< High-school education

1.4 (1.1, 1.8)

1.5 (1.1, 2.0)

1.7 (1.2, 2.5)

1.8 (1.1, 2.7)

Body-mass index <25 kg/m²

1.7 (1.3, 2.1)

1.4 (1.1, 1.9)

2.2 (1.6, 3.0)

1.9 (1.3, 2.7)

Cigarette smoking

Never

ref

ref

ref

ref

Former

1.3 (0.9, 1.7)

1.1 (0.8, 1.4)

1.4 (1.0, 2.2)

1.2 (0.7, 1.8)

Current

2.8 (2.1, 3.7)

2.8 (2.1, 3.8)

3.1 (2.1, 4.6)

3.1 (2.1, 4.5)

Lifetime exposure in current smokers, pack-years

<10

ref

–

ref

–

10-19

2.1 (1.0, 4.4)

–

1.0 (0.4, 2.7)

–

≥20

4.0 (2.1, 7.7)

–

2.2 (1.1, 4.4)

–

Second-hand smoking

1.0 (0.6, 1.6)

–

0.8 (0.4, 1.4)

–

Exposure to biomass

1.2 (0.9, 1.6)

1.2 (0.8, 1.7)

1.3 (0.8, 2.1)

1.2 (0.7, 2.0)

Self-reported history of asthma

8.8 (6.2, 12.5)

9.8 (6.7, 14.4)

10.8 (7.3, 16.0)

13.0 (8.4, 19.9)

Self-reported history of tuberculosis

3.9 (1.8, 8.3)

3.3 (1.4, 7.8)

6.4 (2.9, 14.2)

5.6 (2.2, 14.3)