Table 2 Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for development of interstitial lung disease during the 9-year follow-up period
From: Risk factors for interstitial lung disease: a 9-year Nationwide population-based study
Risk factor | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
Men (reference: women) | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) | < 0.001 | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) | < 0.001 |
Age group (years) (reference: 40–49) | ||||
50–59 | 1.9 (1.7–2.2) | < 0.001 | 1.9 (1.7–2.2) | < 0.001 |
60–69 | 4.3 (3.8–4.9) | < 0.001 | 4.1 (3.6–4.7) | < 0.001 |
≥70 | 7.1 (6.2–8.2) | < 0.001 | 6.9 (5.9–8.0) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes (reference: no) | 1.6 (1.5–1.8) | < 0.001 | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 0.06 |
COPD (reference: no) | 3.7 (3.2–4.2) | < 0.001 | 1.8 (1.6–2.1) | < 0.001 |
GERD (reference: no) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | < 0.001 | 1.0 (0.9–1.3) | 0.31 |
History of herpes (reference: no) | 0.97 (0.7–1.2) | 0.85 | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.92 |
History of tuberculosis (reference: no) | 3.0 (2.4–3.7) | < 0.001 | 1.5 (1.1–1.9) | 0.003 |
History of pneumonia (reference: no) | 2.2 (1.8–2.7) | < 0.001 | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) | < 0.001 |
Hepatitis C (reference: no) | 2.1 (1.4–3.0) | < 0.001 | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | 0.01 |
Hepatitis B (reference: no) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.84 | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 0.39 |
Smoker (reference: never smoker) | 1.4 (1.3–1.6) | < 0.001 | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) | < 0.001 |
Household income, % (reference: 81–100) | ||||
41–80 | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | 0.04 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.35 |
11–40 | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.85 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.87 |
0–10 | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 0.39 | 1.1 (0.7–1.5) | 0.59 |