Table 2 Characteristics of cohort studies investigating the relationship between antenatal and early postnatal vitamin D exposure and asthma/wheeze
From: Early life vitamin D status and asthma and wheeze: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Reference | Location (latitude) | Exposure | Exposure assessment (vitamin D form) | Period of exposure assessment | Median (IQR) of vitamin D status | Outcome assessment and definition (Age outcome assessment), sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pike, 2012 * [22] | Southampton, UK (50°54’N) | Maternal blood | Radioimmunoassay (Total 25(OH)D) | 34 wk. gestation | 59.0 (IQR, 40.5–84.9) nmol/L | Asthma (6y): Maternal report of doctor diagnosed asthma, n = 860 Wheeze (6, 12, 24, 36mo, 6y): Maternal report of wheezing symptom in the last 12 months (ISAAC questionnaire), n = 860 |
De Jongh, 2014* [29] | Southampton, UK, (50°54’N) | Maternal blood | Radioimmunoassay (Total 25(OH)D) | 34 wk. gestation | 59.0 (IQR, 40.6–84.3) nmol/L | Wheeze (0–6, 6–12, 12-24mo): Parental report of one or more episodes of chest wheezing/whistling, n = 856 |
Morales, 2012 [30] | 4 study areas in Spain (39°N, 39°N, 41°N, 44°N) | Maternal blood | HPLC (25(OH)D3) | 77%:12–23 wk.22%:< 12 wk.1%: 24–36 wk | 73.8 (IQR,56.3–92.8) nmol/L | Asthma (4-6y): Mother report of medication for asthma or wheezing, n = 1233 Wheeze (1, 4y): parental report of wheezing symptom in the last 12 months (questionnaire), n = 1233 |
Gale, 2008 [20] | Southampton, UK (50°54’N) | Maternal blood | Radioimmunoassay (Total 25(OH)D) | Late pregnancy | 50 (IQR,30 to 75.3) nmol/L | Asthma(9y): Unclear, n = 178 |
Zosky, 2014 [31] | Perth, Australia (31°57’S) | Maternal blood | ELISA (Total 25(OH)D) | 16–20 wk. gestation; mean 18 wk | NA | Current asthma (6, 14y): maternal report of doctor diagnosis of asthma at any time, with wheeze and use of any asthma medication in the past 12 months. n = 291 Current wheeze (6, 14y): questionnaire, n = 291 |
Maslova, 2014 [32] | Nationwide, Denmark (55.4°N) | Maternal blood (prediction score) | LC-MS/MS (Total 25(OH)D) (use of prediction model) | 25 wk. gestation in 1497 pregnant women | 58.7(IQR,49.2–69.0) nmol/L | Asthma (18 months): parental report of doctor-diagnosed asthma, n = 24,662 Current asthma (7y): doctor diagnosis of asthma and parental report of wheeze in the past 12 months, n = 21,194 |
Wills, 2013 [33] | South West of England (50–51.5°N) | Maternal blood | HPLC-MS/MS (Total 25(OH)D: sum of 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3) | 34 wk. gestation (Translation by model) | NA | Asthma (7.5y): Maternal report of doctor-diagnosis of asthma plus report of wheeze or asthma (questionnaire), n = 4648 Wheeze (7.5y): Maternal report of wheezing symptom in the last 12 months, n = 4696 |
Magnus, 2013 [34] | Nationwide, Norway (57°54′ -70°55’ N) | Maternal blood | LC-MS/MS (Total 25(OH)D: sum of 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3) | Approximately 18 wk. gestation | 73.7 (SD 23.7) nmol/L | Asthma (3y): Maternal report of asthma plus name of medication for asthma (questionnaire), n = 1246 |
Chiu, 2015 [35] | Taiwan (25°N) | maternal blood, cord blood | electrochemiluminescence-based assay | before delivery, cord blood | Maternal blood: 58.3 (SD 19.3) nmol/L Cord blood: 59.5 (SD 23.8) nmol/L | Asthma (at 4y): ever having asthma, with the occurrence of recurrent wheeze in the last 12 months, or current use of asthma medication (only the results of maternal blood and children blood at 4y were reported), n = 119 |
Hansen, 2015 [36] | Aarhus, Denmark (56°9’ N) | maternal blood | LC-MS/MS | third trimester of pregnancy | 76 (IQR 57) nmol/L | Asthma: medication use (at 25y), medical record hospitalizations (at 25y), medical record self-reported lifetime doctor’s diagnosis of asthma(at 20y) Current asthma medication use (at 20y), n = 850 |
Gazibara, 2016 [37] | Rotterdam, the Netherlands (51°55’ N) | maternal blood cord blood | LC-MS/MS | mid-gestation delivery | Maternal blood: 62.8 (range 2.3–193.2) nmol/L Cord blood: 40.2 (range 0.1–144.9) nmol/L | Asthma (6 y): parent reported physician-diagnosed, n = 158 Persistent wheezing(1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 y): at least 1 wheezing episode in the first 3 years of life and 1 episode of wheezing at 4 or 6 years of age (ISAAC), n = 255 |
Baiz, 2014# [38] | Poitiers (46°35’N), Nancy (48°41’N), France | Cord blood | Immunochemiluminescent immunoassay (Total 25(OH)D) | Delivery | 44.5 (IQR 37.8) nmol/L | Asthma (5y): parental report of a doctor’s diagnosis of asthma plus either 1 or more attacks of wheeze or use of asthma medication in the last 12 month, n = 239 Wheeze (1, 2, 3, 5 y): parental report of wheezing in the past 12 months (ISAAC phase I questionnaire), n = 239 |
Rothers, 2011 [23] | Tucson, Arizona, USA (32°N) | Cord blood | LC-MS/MS (Total 25(OH)D: sum of 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3) | Delivery | 64 (IQR 49–81) nmol/L | Asthma (1, 2, 3, 5y): Parental report of doctor diagnosed asthma, n = 194 |
Camargo, 2011 # [39] | Wellington (41°S), Christchurch (43°S), New Zealand | Cord blood | Automated chemiluminescent immunoassay (Total 25(OH)D) | Delivery | 44 (IQR, 29–78) nmol/L | Asthma (3,15 mo, 2, 3, 4, 5y): Any previous report of doctor-diagnosed asthma by 5y plus either a history of inhaler use or wheeze since 4y, n = 181 Wheeze (15mo, 2, 3, 4, 5y): Parental report of wheeze at any time before, n = 533 |
Stelmach, 2015 [40] | 8 different regions of Poland (54°22 N) | Cord blood | HPLC (Total 25(OH)D) | Delivery | 15.8 (IQR, 10.4, 21.3) nmol/L | Viral-induced wheezing (2 y): wheeze ever appearing during infection. Multi-triggered wheezing (2 y): wheezing triggered by two or more factors (e.g., viral infection, weather, activity) (ISAAC based questionnaire with information from medical chart), n = 190 |
Chawes, 2014 [41] | Copenhagen, Denmark (55°43’N) | Cord blood | LC-MS/MS (Total 25(OH)D: sum of 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3) | Delivery | 47.6 (range, 10–145) nmol/L | Asthma (7y): Doctor diagnosed, n = 257 |
Jones, 2012 [21] | Perth, Australia (31°57’S) | 1. Cord blood 2. Maternal intake (total/diet/ supplement) | 1. LC-MS/MS (25(OH)D3) 2. FFQ | Last trimester of pregnancy | Blood: 58.4 (SD, 24.1) nmol/L Intake: 200 (SD, 248) IU/d | Wheeze (12mo): Unclear, n = 231 |
Junge, 2015 [42] | Leipzig, Germany (51.4 N) | Cord blood Infant blood-one year, two year | HPLC-MS/MS (25(OH)D 3) | Delivery Infant-one year Infant -two year | Cord blood: 27.4 (IRQ, 17.5, 43.5) nmol/L One year: 83.0 (IRQ, 70.5, 97.7) nmol/L two year: 55.6 (IRQ, 42.2, 70.7) nmol/L | Wheezing ever, Wheezing recurrent (0–36 months;12–36 months;24–36 month) Unclear, n = 367 |
Palmer, 2015 # [43] | Adelaide, Australia (34°51’ S) | Cord blood | LC-MS/MS (25(OH)D3) | Delivery | 55.9 (SD, 28.4) nmol/L | Asthma (1, 3 y): as a history of 3 or more episodes of wheeze with the episodes less than 6 weeks apart and/or daily use of asthma medication (medical review), n = 8123 |
Visness, 2015 # [44] | URECA: (Baltimore 39°17′N, Boston 52°58’N, New York40°44‘N, and St Louis 38°4’N) COAST (Madison, Wisconsin 43°05‘N) | Cord blood | Unclear | Delivery | URECA cohort:20.1 (rang, 4.2–54.6) nmol/L COAST cohort: 21.1 (range, 4.0–77.7) nmol/L | Recurrent wheeze (URECA cohort, every 3 months): at least two episodes of wheezing during the first three years of life with at least one episode during the third year (parent reported), n = 435 . Any wheeze (COAST cohort, annual): unclear definition (phone contacts & questionnaire), n = 258 Current asthma (COAST cohort, 6y): doctor diagnosed, n = 258. |
Wolsk, 2017 [45] | Boston (52°58’N), Washington (38°53’N), San Diego (32°43’ N) | Maternal blood | chemiluminescence immunoassay | weeks 10–18 of gestation | 56.3 (SD 25.3) nmol/L | Asthma or recurrent wheeze in first 3 y of life (parental report, every 3 months), n = 712 |
Hollams, 2016# [46] | Western Australia(31°57’S) | Vitamin D over the first decade of life | LC-MS/MS (25(OH)D3) | Birth, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, 10 years | Birth:26.2 (IQR 20.3, 36.9) nmol/L 6 months: 68.7 (IQR 55.4, 80.5) nmol/L 1 year: 62.1 (IQR 50.1 to 74.6) nmol/L 2 years: 58.6 (IQR 49.6, 68.0) nmol/L 3 years: 58.6 (IQR 46.5, 67.5) nmol/L 4 years: 57.5 (IQR 47.4 to 67.6) nmol/L 5 years: 89.0 (IQR 71.5, 97.4) nmol/L 10 years:76.2 (IQR 64.1, 87.6) nmol/L | Current asthma (from age 3 to 10 years): parent reported wheeze in the last 12 months in children who had ever been given a diagnosis of asthma by a doctor. n = 216 Wheeze (from age 1 to 10 years): parent reported wheezing symptom in the last 12 months, n = 235 |
Wegienka, 2015# [47] | Detroit, Michigan (42°19’N) | maternal blood cord blood infant blood at 2 age | HPLC (Total 25(OH)D: sum of 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3) | pregnancy, delivery (cord blood) and at age 2 years | Prenatal; 58 (SD 29.3) nmol/L Cord: 27 (18.5) nmol/L 2 years: 59.5 (20.3) nmol/L | Asthma (3–6 years): parent-reported diagnosed, n = 635 |
Miyake, 2010 [48] | Neyagawa, Japan (34°45′58”N) | Maternal intake (diet) | FFQ | During pregnancy (5~ 39 wk) | 6.2 (SD 3.7) μg/d | Wheeze (16-24mo): Maternal report wheezing symptom in the last 12 months (ISAAC phase-I questionnaire), n = 763 |
Devereux, 2007** [49] | Grampian region, Aberdeen, UK (57°N) | Maternal intake (total) | FFQ | 32 wk. gestation | 128 (IQR, 99–170) IU/d | Asthma (5y): Maternal report of doctor-diagnosed asthma Wheeze (2, 5y): Maternal report of wheezing symptom in the last 12 months (ISAAC questionnaire), n = 1212 |
Allan, 2015** [50] | Grampian region, Aberdeen, UK (57°N) | Maternal intake (total) | FFQ | 32 wk. gestation | 3.60 (95% CI 3.50–3.71) μg/d | Asthma (10y): 1. Parental report of doctor-diagnosed asthma 2. Current asthma: asthma and wheeze in the previous year, n = 919 Wheeze (10y): Parental report of wheeze in the past 12 months (ISAAC based questionnaire), n = 924 |
Camargo, 2007 [51] | Eastern Massachusetts, USA (41°10’N to 42°53’N) | Maternal intake (total/diet/ supplement) | FFQ | During the first and second trimesters | 548 (SD 167) IU/d | Wheeze (1, 2, 3y): Parental report of recurrent wheeze as ≥2 wheezing attacks (summed from the 1-, 2-, and 3-y annual questionnaires) in children with a personal diagnosis of eczema or parental history of asthma, n = 1194 |
Maslova, 2013 [52] | Nationwide, Denmark (55.4°N) | Maternal intake (total/diet/ supplement) | FFQ | 25wk (mid-pregnancy) | 11.7(5th -95th percentile, 3.0–19.4) μg/d | Asthma (18mo): Maternal report of doctor diagnosed asthma (questionnaire), n = 28,421 Asthma (7y): Combination of lifetime doctor diagnosis of asthma and wheezing symptoms in the past 12 months (ISAAC questionnaire), n = 24,382 |
Erkkola, 2009 [53] | Turku (60°27’N), Oulu (65° 0′46”N), Tampere (61° 5’ N), Finland | Maternal intake (total/diet/supplement) | FFQ | 8th month of pregnancy | 6.5 (SD 3.8) μg/d | Asthma (5y): Maternal report of doctor diagnosed asthma plus medication for wheezing or asthma (questionnaire), n = 1669 |
Miyake, 2014 [54] | Kyushu Island, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan (33°N, 26°33’N) | Maternal intake (diet) | FFQ | During pregnancy (during the preceding month among women at the 5 and 39 wk. gestation) | 5.8 (SD 3.0) μg/d | Asthma (23–29 mo): physician-diagnosed asthma, n = 1354 Wheeze (at 23–29 mo): Maternal report wheezing symptom in the last 12 months (ISAAC questionnaire), n = 1354 |
Anderson, 2015 [55] | Toronto, Ontario, Canada (43°40’N) | Maternal vitamin D supplementation | questionnaire | (1) During pregnancy (retrospective review at 0–5 ages) (2) 0–5 ages | Yes/no | Asthma (2.3 years after baseline): parent-reported diagnosed, n = 2478 Wheezing(2.3 years after baseline): parent-reported (ISAAC questionnaire), n = 484 |
Back, 2009 [56] | Umeå, Sweden (63°49’N) | Infantile intake (total) | FFQ | 5, 7 and 10 months during infancy | Low (≤13.0 μg/d)/ high (> 13.0 μg/d) dose | Asthma (6y): Unclear definition (ISAAC questionnaire), n = 123 |
Hypponen, 2004 [57] | Oulu (65° 0′46”N), Lapland (61°2′45”N), Finland | Infantile intake (supplement) | Maternal report | Infancy | None or irregularly/regularly | Asthma (31y): Self-report of asthma with wheezing or by current use of asthma medication, n = 6722 |