Fig. 10

Impacts of TGFβ1 on the production of ROS in human primary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs). HPASMCs were cultured in the presence of TGFβ₁ at 2 ng/mL for different time periods (0–48 h) before the cells were used for analysis of ROS production by a cytometric assay. a-e Histogram of flow cytometric analysis using the H2DCF-DA dye to detect enhancement in ROS levels where cell numbers are plotted as a function of the fluorescence intensities at time point of (a) 6 h, (b) 12 h, (c) 24 h. (d) 36 h and (e) 48 h. (f) Bar chart representing the normalized relative ROS levels in the different time point as determined from the same analysis

Bar graphs represent mean ± SEM from three experiments. Compared to untreated group, *: P < 0.05 (N = 3).