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Table 3 Univariate logistic regression analysis for factors associated with asthma among adults ≥18 years, Karachi, Pakistan (n = 930)

From: Epidemiology of asthma and associated factors in an urban Pakistani population: adult asthma study-Karachi

Characteristics

Reversibility in FEV1k

Respiratory symptoms and reversibility in FEV1k

 

OR (95% CI)

P- Value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Age

 18 to 27 years

1

0.02

1

0.01

 28 to 37 years

0.9 (0.5–1.8)

0.51

0.7 (0.3–1.8)

0.47

  ≥ 38 years

1.9 (1.1–3.2)

0.03

2.2 (1.1–4.2)

0.02

Gender

 Male

1

 

1

 

 Female

0.9 (0.6–1.4)

0.40

1.1 (0.7–1.9)

0.64

Birth Order

 1st

0.8 (0.5–1.5)

0.51

0.8 (0.4–1.6)

0.48

 2nd

0.9 (0.6–1.7)

0.61

0.8 (0.4–1.8)

0.67

 3rd

1.0 (0.6–1.8)

0.31

1.4 (0.7–2.7)

0.37

  ≥ 4th

1

 

1

 

Total number of Children

 1 to 3

0.9 (0.5–1.6)

0.22

0.9 (0.5–1.7)

0.21

 4 to 5

0.9 (0.5–1.4)

0.81

0.5 (0.2–1.4)

0.82

  ≥ 6

1

 

1

0.44

Educationa

 Literate

1

 

1

 

 Illiterate

1.4 (0.9–2.1)

0.05

1.9 (1.1–3.2)

0.02

Socio-economic statusb

    

 High income

1

0.21

1

0.13

 Middle income

1.6 (0.9–2.6)

0.10

0.9 (0.5–1.7)

0.22

 Low income

1.8(1.1–3.1)

0.03

1.2 (0.6–2.2)

0.24

Number of rooms

  ≥ 2 rooms

1

 

1

 

 1 room

1.1 (0.7–1.8)

0.75

1.1 (0.6–2.2)

0.71

Ownership status

 Own

1

 

1

 

 Rented

0.9 (0.6–1.5)

0.31

1.3 (0.7–2.2)

0.44

Type of clusterc

 Planned

1

 

1

 

 Unplanned

1.0 (0.7–1.6)

0.29

0.9 (0.5–1.5)

0.73

Wet spots inside house

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

1.1 (0.7–1.6)

0.28

0.9 (0.6–1.7)

0.99

Animal or birds inside housed

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

0.7 (0.4–1.2)

0.19

0.6 (0.3–1.1)

0.10

Carpeting inside house

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

0.9 (0.6–1.4)

0.81

0.9 (0.6–1.7)

0.88

Incense burning in home

 Never

1

 

1

 

 Ever

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

0.96

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

0.97

Mosquito coil

 Never

1

 

1

 

 Ever

0.7 (0.5–1.1)

0.85

0.9 (0.6–1.6)

0.91

Cooking food

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

0.41

0.5 (0.3–1.1)

0.47

Window in Kitchen

 Yes

1

 

1

 

 No

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

0.08

0.6 (0.4–1.0)

0.05

Exhaust in kitchen

 Yes

1

 

1

 

 No

0.8 (0.5–1.5)

0.51

0.5 (0.3–0.9)

0.04

Type of kitchen

 Outdoor

1

 

1

0.401

 Indoor separate

1.5 (0.8–2.6)

0.15

1.6 (0.8–3.4)

0.17

 Indoor non separate

1.2 (0.7–1.9)

0.21

1.3 (0.7–2.4)

0.41

Smoking statuse

 Never

1

 

1

 

 Ever

1.6 (1.1–2.6)

0.03

1.7 (0.9–3.1)

0.07

Pack years of smokingf

 Non smoker

1

0.00

1

0.001

  < 5 years

1.1 (0.5–2.4)

0.39

0.6 (0.2–2.1)

0.47

  ≥ 5 years

2.2 (1.2–4.1)

0.001

3.2 (1.7–6.3)

0.001

Exposure to environmental tobacco smokeg

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

1.5 (0.9–2.3)

0.05

1.8 (1.1–3.1)

0.03

Body Mass Indexh

 Underweight

1

0.490

1

0.410

 Normal

1.4 (0.9–2.2)

0.100

1.4 (0.8–2.6)

0.287

 Overweight and obese

1.3 (0.8–2.3)

0.101

1.6 (0.8–3.1)

0.208

History of any allergy

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

1.7 (1.1–2.6)

0.02

2.7 (1.6–4.5)

0.001

Family history of asthma

 No

1

 

1

 

 Yes

1.0 (0.5–1.9)

0.41

2.0 (1.1–3.9)

0.00

Exposure of dusty job

 Not working

1

0.81

1

0.82

 Working and no dust exposure

0.9 (0.5–1.5)

0.42

0.4 (0.1–0.9)

0.04

 Working and dust exposure

1.4 (0.9–2.1)

0.39

1.2 (0.7–2.2)

0.42

Exposure of gas or fumes at work

 Not working

1

0.10

1

0.91

 Working and no gas exposure

1.1 (0.7–1.7)

0.41

0.9 (0.5–1.6)

0.68

 Working and gas exposure

1.5 (0.8–2.8)

0.35

0.9 (0.4–2.3)

0.97

Current employment statusi

 Unemployed

1

 

1

 

 Employed

1.1 (0.7–1.7)

0.51

0.9 (0.5–1.5)

0.701

ISCO Categories j

 Not working

1

0.78

1

0.88

 White collar worker

0.9 (0.5–1.5)

0.59

0.8 (0.4–1.7)

0.62

 Blue collar worker

1.3 (0.8–2.1)

0.34

0.95 (0.5–1.8)

0.87

  1. aEducational level: those who never attended school or did not know how to read or write were considered as illiterate while those who had been to school were categorized as literate
  2. bSocio-economic status was defined using the proxy indicator of monthly household income which included income of all members living in the same house as well as additional earnings based on any business or other investment
  3. cType of cluster was defined as planned areas included those with permanent housing structure, sufficient living place, access to safe water and adequate sanitation system, while unplanned areas were densely populated areas of substandard housing, characterized by poverty, unsanitary and inferior living conditions and social disorganization
  4. dAnimal or birds inside house included both pets as well as animals kept as livestock
  5. eEver smoker was defined as smoking more than 20 packs of cigarettes in a lifetime or more than one cigarette a day for one year
  6. fPack years of smoking was defined as the number of cigarettes smoked per day divided by 20 and multiplied by the number of years that the person smoked
  7. gExposure to environmental tobacco smoke was defined as anyone who smoked cigarettes anywhere inside the house
  8. hBody mass index was defined according to WHO criteria for Asian population and categorized as: underweighted, < 18.5 kg/m2; normal, 18.5–23 kg/m2; overweight and obese, ≥ 23 kg/m2
  9. iCurrent employment status was defined as employed somewhere currently or self-employed, whereas, unemployed included students, housewives, those currently not working anywhere or retired
  10. jThe International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) categories were three i.e. not working, high and low skilled blue collar workers (involved in manual work), high and low skilled white collar workers (involved in desk work)
  11. kDefinitions used for asthma:
  12. Spirometry-based asthma assessed on presence of post-bronchodilator reversibility ≥200 ml in FEV1
  13. Asthma based on post-bronchodilator reversibility ≥200 ml in FEV1 and one or more respiratory symptoms, or self-reported asthma
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BMC Pulmonary Medicine

ISSN: 1471-2466

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