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Table 6 Risk Factors by Ethnicity: Afro-Caribbean (n = 402) vs. Indo-Caribbean (n = 460) vs. Mixed/Others (n = 242)

From: Reduced forced vital capacity is independently associated with ethnicity, metabolic factors and respiratory symptoms in a Caribbean population: a cross-sectional study

Variable

Afro-Caribbean

Indo-Caribbean

Mixed/ Others

p-value

Gender

   

0∙110

 Male

169 (42.0%)

191 (41.5%)

83 (34.3%)

 

 Female

233 (58∙0%)

269 (58.5%)

159 (65.7%)

 

Age group

   

0.076

 40–49

145 (36.1%)

181 (39.3%)

113 (46.7%)

 

 50–59

134 (33.3%)

136 (29.6%)

68 (28.1%)

 

 60–69

80 (19.9%)

95 (20.7%)

32 (13.2%)

 

 70+

43 (10.7%)

48 (10.4%)

29 (12.0%)

 

BMI groupa

   

0.008

 Underweight

7 (1.7%)

10 (2.2%)

9 (3.7%)

 

 Normal

93 (23.1%)

145 (31.5%)

70 (28.9%)

 

 Overweight

134 (33.3%)

167 (36.3%)

80 (33.1%)

 

 Obesity

168 (41.8%)

138 (30.0%

83 (34.3%)

 

Waist circumferenceb

   

0.751

 Abnormal

236 (58.7%)

262 (57.0%)

144 (59.8%)

 

Waist-Hip ratioc

   

< 0.001

 Abnormal

238 (59.2%)

352 (76.5%)

156 (64.7%)

 

Smoking status

   

0.240

 Current

56 (13.9%)

61 (13.3%)

40 (16.5%)

 

 Ex

54 (13.4%)

52 (11.3%)

39 (16.1%)

 

 Never

292 (72.6%)

347 (75.4%)

163 (67.4%)

 

Smoking pack years

   

0.244

 Never

293 (72.9%)

347 (75.6%)

163 (67.4%)

 

 0–10

35 (8.7%)

41 (8.9%)

26 (10.7%)

 

 10–20

25 (6.2%)

28 (6.1%)

24 (9.9%)

 

 20+

49 (12.2%)

43 (9.4%)

29 (12.0%)

 

Ever smoked Cannabis

   

< 0.001

 Yes

49 (12.6%)

19 (4.2%)

28 (11.7%)

 

Exposure to second-hand smoke

   

0∙001

 Yes

112 (27.9%)

184 (40.0%)

76 (31.4%)

 

Indoor air pollutant exposure

   

< 0.001

 Yes

198 (49.2%)

310 (67.3%)

107 (44.2%)

 

Worked in dusty environment > 1 year

   

0.001

 Yes

174 (43.3%)

153 (33.3%)

72 (29.8%)

 

Smoking exposure during childhood

   

0∙740

 Yes

234 (58.2%)

261 (56.8%)

146 (60.3%)

 

Have respiratory symptoms

   

0.335

 Yes

128 (31.8%)

165 (35.8%)

89 (36.7%)

 

Highest level of education

   

< 0.001

 Primary / None

190 (47.3%)

243 (52.8%)

88 (36.4%)

 

 Secondary

113 (28.1%)

144 (31.3%)

93 (38.4%)

 

 Vocational

72 (17.9%)

54 (11.7%)

43 (17.8%)

 

 University

27 (6.7%)

19 (4.1%)

18 (7.4%)

 

Years of schooling

   

0.200

 7 or more

368 (91.5%)

405 (88.0%)

220 (90.9%)

 

Current employment status

   

< 0.001

 Employed

241 (60.0%)

241 (52.4%)

133 (55.0%)

 

 Not working

16 (4.0%)

9 (2.0%)

15 (6.2%)

 

 House person

34 (8.5%)

139 (30.2%)

42 (17.4%)

 

 Retired

95 (23.6%)

69 (15.0%)

46 (19.0%)

 

 Other

16 (4.0%)

2 (0.4%)

6 (2.5%)

 
  1. Data are presented as n (%). BMI body mass index. aNormal BMI = 18.5–25.0 Kg/m2; Underweight BMI < 18.5 Kg/m2; Overweight BMI = 25.0–29.9 Kg/m2; Obese BMI ≥30 Kg/m2. bAbnormal waist circumference: ≥ 102 cm for males and ≥ 88 cm for females. c: Abnormal wait-hip ratio ≥ 0.90 for males and ≥ 0.85 for females