Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors for overall survival using a proportional hazard model

Sex

Male

3.383

1.648–6.945

0.001

Female

1

Age

1.050

1.013–1.088

0.007

BMI

0.904

0.819–0.997

0.044

Smoking Index

1.001

1.000–1.001

< 0.001

1.000

1.000–1.001

0.013

VC (%)

0.98

0.963–0.997

0.021

FEV1/FVC (%)

0.957

0.932–0.982

0.001

COPD

No

1

Yes

2.332

1.348–4.034

0.002

Surgical procedure

Sublobar resection

1

Lobectomy

1.042

0.599–1.814

0.884

Tumor size

1.251

0.981–1.596

0.071

Histology

Adenocarcinoma

1

Squamous cell carcinoma

2.529

1.347–4.746

0.004

Other

3.159

1.228–8.125

0.017

Histologic grade

Well differentiated

1

1

Moderately differentiated

3.002

1.530–5.888

0.001

2.205

1.115–4.360

0.023

Poorly differentiated

4.805

2.309–9.998

< 0.001

2.990

1.388–6.442

0.005

Pleural invasion

Absent

1

Present

2.107

1.219–3.641

0.008

Emphysema

Absent

1

1

Present

3.263

1.865–5.709

< 0.001

1.927

1.050–3.537

0.034