Table 3 Odds ratio for the occurrence of crackles and wheezes in univariable regression models

Age (10 years)

1.2*** (1.1–1.2)

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

1.2*** (1.1–1.3)

1.2** (1.1–1.4)

1.7*** (1.6–1.9)

1.8*** (1.6–2.0)

1.4** (1.1–1.8)

2.2*** (1.8–2.8)

Female

1.3*** (1.1–1.6)

1.2 (0.8–1.6)

1.4*** (1.2–1.7)

1.5* (1.1–2.1)

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

1.1 (0.9–1.4)

1.7* (1.1–2.7)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

BMI > 30

0.8* (0.7–1.0)

0.8 (0.5–1.1)

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

0.9 (0.6–1.3)

1.2 (1.0–1.5)

1.2* (1.0–1.5)

0.6 (0.3–1.1)

1.5* (1.0–2.2)

Hypertension

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

1.2 (0.8–1.7)

1.0 (0.8–1.2)

1.2 (0.8–1.6)

1.3* (1.0–1.6)

1.3* (1.1–1.6)

0.9 (0.5–1.5)

1.2 (0.8–1.7)

Myocardial Infarction

1.3 (0.9–1.9)

1.5 (0.8–2.7)

1.3 (0.9–1.9)

1.4 (0.7–2.4)

1.7** (1.2–2.5)

1.7** (1.2–2.5)

1.0 (0.3–2.5)

1.8 (0.9–3.3)

Heart Failure

1.5 (0.7–2.8)

1.7 (0.4–4.7)

1.3 (0.6–2.6)

0.5 (0.0–2.2)

0.9 (0.4–2.0)

1.0 (0.4–2.2)

< 0.1 (< 0.1 - > 100)

0.6 (0.0–2.9)

Atrial fibrillation

1.1 (0.7–1.6)

1.3 (0.6–2.4)

0.9 (0.6–1.4)

1.1 (0.5–2.2)

1.4 (0.9–2.0)

1.4 (0.9–2.2)

0.3 (< 0.1–1.2)

1.7 (0.8–3.2)

COPD

1.3 (0.9–1.9)

1.5 (0.7–2.9)

1.3 (0.8–1.9)

1.6 (0.8–2.9)

2.3*** (1.5–3.2)

2.4*** (1.6–3.4)

1.6 (0.6–3.7)

5.6*** (3.3–8.9)

Asthma

1.5** (1.1–1.9)

1.5 (0.8–2.4)

1.4* (1.0–1.8)

1.8* (1.1–2.8)

1.6** (1.1–2.1)

1.4* (1.0–2.0)

1.8 (0.9–3.4)

1.7* (1.0–2.8)

Rheumatoid Arthritis

1.2 (0.8–1.7)

1.2 (0.6–2.2)

1.1 (0.7–1.5)

0.7 (0.3–1.5)

1.8** (1.3–2.6)

1.9** (1.3–2.7)

1.6 (0.6–3.5)

1.6 (0.8–3.6)

Current smoker

1.6*** (1.3–2.1)

2.1** (1.3–3.3)

1.6** (1.2–1.8)

1.7* (1.0–2.6)

2.0*** (1.5–2.6)

2.0*** (1.5–2.7)

1.3 (0.6–2.5)

2.5** (1.5–2.6)

Previous smoker

1.2 (1.0–1.4)

1.1 (0.8–1.6)

1.1 (1.0–1.2)

1.2 (0.8–1.6)

1.4** (1.2–1.8)

1.5*** (1.2–1.9)

0.9 (0.6–1.5)

2.0** (1.3–2.1)

mMRC ≥ 2

1.5* (1.0–2.0)

2.0* (1.1–3.5)

1.4 (0.9–1.9)

1.5 (0.7–2.6)

2.6*** (1.8–3.6)

2.7*** (1.9–3.7)

1.7 (0.7–3.7)

3.4*** (1.9–5.5)

Breathing worse than usual

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

1.4 (0.9–2.2)

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

1.0 (0.6–1.5)

1.0 (0.8–1.4)

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

0.8 (0.3–1.6)

1.7* (1.0–2.6)

Symptoms of airways infection last week

1.1 (0.9–1.4)

1.4 (0.9–2.1)

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

1.4 (0.9–2.0)

0.8 (0.6–1.1)

0.9 (0.6–1.1)

0.8 (0.4–1.5)

1.2 (0.8–1.9)

Oxygen Saturation SpO₂ (1%)

1.0 (0.9–1.0)

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

1.0 (0.9–1.0)

0.9 (0.9–1.1)

0.8*** (0.7–0.9)

0.8*** (0.7–0.8)

1.0 (0.9–1.3)

0.7*** (0.6–0.8)

FEV₁ Z-score (1 unit)

0.9** (0.8–1.0)

0.7*** (0.6–0.8)

0.9* (0.8–1.0)

0.8* (0.7–1.0)

0.8*** (0.7–0.9)

0.8*** (0.7–0.9)

0.9 (0.7–1.1)

0.6*** (0.5–0.7)