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Table 4 Odds ratio for the occurrence of crackles and wheezes in multivariable regression models

From: Prevalence and clinical associations of wheezes and crackles in the general population: the Tromsø study

 

Inspiratory wheezes (n = 130)

Expiratory wheezes (n = 587)

Expiratory wheezes 2+ (n = 151)

Inspiratory crackles (n = 445)

Expiratory crackles (n = 70)

Inspiratory crackles 2+ (n = 118)

Age (×0.1)

1.2*** (1.1–1.3)

1.2** (1.1–1.5)

1.8*** (1.6–2.0)

1.5** (1.2–1.9)

2.2*** (1.8–2.9)

Female Gender

1.5*** (1.2–1.8)

1.5* (1.1–2.1)

COPD

2.3** (1.3–4.1)

Asthma

1.4* (1.0–1.8)

1.9** (1.1–3.0)

Rheumatoid Arthritis

1.6* (1.1–2.3)

Current smoker

1.7*** (1.3–2.2)

1.9*** (1.4–2.7)

Previous smoker

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

1.3* (1.0–1.6)

mMRC ≥ 2

1.8** (1.2–2.6)

Oxygen saturation SpO2 (1%)

0.9** (0.8–1.0)

0.7*** (0.6–0.8)

FEV1 Z-score (1 unit)

0.7*** (0.6–0.8)

0.9** (0.8–1.0)

0.7*** (0.6–0.8)

AUC

.59 (0.54–0.64)

.59 (0.56–0.62)

.60 (0.55–0.64)

.69 (0.67–0.72)

.62 (0.56–0.69)

.79 (0.75–0.84)

  1. Confidence intervals shown in brackets. 2+ = presence of the adventitious sounds in more than two locations. mMRC = Modified Medical Research council questionnaire. FEV1 = Forced expiratory volume in 1 s, AUC = Area under the curve
  2. ***p value < .001, **p value < .01, *p value <.05