Table 1 Socio-demographic, clinical and biological characteristics of the subjects

Age (yrs) (mean ± SD)

71.4 ± 8.2

71.6 ± 8.3

71.5 ± 7.9

70.1 ± 8.2

Males (N, %)

455 (75.1)

256 (72.9)

174 (80.9)

20 (62.5)

 None

4 (0.7)

3 (0.9)

0

0

 Primary school

173 (29.6)

111 (32.8)

54 (25.7)

7 (22.6)

 Middle school

241 (41.2)

127 (37.6)

93 (44.3)

19 (61.3)

 High school

133 (22.7)

76 (22.5)

51 (24.3)

4 (12.9)

 University

34 (5.8)

21 (6.2)

12 (5.7)

1 (3.2)

 NK

21

13

5

1

 Unemployed

23 (3.8)

16 (4.6)

5 (2.4)

2 (6.5)

 Employed

77 (12.8)

44 (12.6)

25 (11.7)

5 (16.1)

 Retired

468 (77.9)

265 (75.9)

176 (82.6)

22 (71.0)

 Housewife/househusband

33 (5.5)

24 (6.9)

7 (3.3)

2 (6.5)

 NK

5

2

2

1

 Former smoker

445 (73.4)

250 (71.2)

166 (77.2)

25 (78.1)

 Current smoker

161 (26.6)

101 (28.8)

49 (22.8)

7 (21.9)

Estimated amount of tobacco consumed (pack/year) (median IQR)

39.0 (20.0–50.0)

35.0 (20.0–52.0)

40.0 (23.0–50.0)

30.0 (20.0–45.0)

Smoking duration (yrs) (median IQR)

40.0 (30.0–49.5)

40.0 (30.0–50.0)

40.0 (32.0–50.0)

39.0 (30.0–42.0)

 Underweight (BMI < 18.5)

13 (2.2)

4 (1.2)

9 (4.2)

0

 Normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9)

183 (30.5)

90 (26.0)

81 (37.9)

11 (34.4)

 Overweight (BMI 25–29.9)

272 (45.3)

163 (47.1)

91 (42.5)

16 (50.0)

 Obese (BMI ≥30)

132 (22.0)

89 (25.7)

33 (15.4)

5 (15.6)

 NK

6

5

1

0

  ≥ 1 comorbidity

446 (73.6)

254 (72.4)

163 (75.8)

23 (71.9)

 Anemia^a

36 (26.7)

26 (33.8)

8 (16.0)

2 (33.3)

 Arterial Hypertension

308 (50.8)

188 (53.6)

97 (45.1)

17 (53.1)

 Atrial fibrillation

34 (5.6)

20 (5.7)

12 (5.6)

2 (6.3)

 Cardiac ischemic disease

63 (10.4)

35 (10.0)

21 (9.8)

6 (18.8)

 Diabetes

65 (10.7)

40 (11.4)

20 (9.3)

4 (12.5)

 GERD

24 (4.0)

14 (4.0)

8 (3.7)

2 (6.3)

 Neoplastic disease

31 (5.1)

10 (2.8)

17 (7.9)

3 (9.4)

 Osteoporosis

26 (4.3)

19 (5.4)

5 (2.3)

1 (3.1)

 eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (N, %)

n = 122

n = 65

n = 49

n = 6

17 (13.9)

11 (16.9)

4 (8.2)

2 (33.3)

 Hemoglobin (g/dl) (mean ± SD)

n = 135

n = 77

n = 50

n = 6

14.0 ± 1.7

13.8 ± 1.8

14.4 ± 1.4

13.2 ± 1.1

 Mean cell volume (fl) (mean ± SD)

n = 106

n = 64

n = 35

n = 6

90.8 ± 7.9

90.4 ± 7.7

91.2 ± 7.7

93.0 ± 11.4

 Eosinophil count (n/mm³) (median IQR)

n = 129

n = 75

n = 47

n = 6

2.3 (0.1–166.0)

3.0 (0.1–190.0)

4.0 (0.1–166.0)

0.1 (0.0–0.1)

 Serum creatinine (mg/dL) (median IQR)

n = 122

n = 65

n = 49

n = 6

0.9 (0.7–1.1)

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

0.8 (0.7–1.2)

 ≥ 1

525 (86.6)

311 (88.6)

183 (85.1)

27 (84.4)

 Triple therapy (LABA, LAMA, ICS)

187 (30.9)

116 (33.0)

62 (28.8)

7 (21.9)

 LABA+LAMA

143 (23.6)

58 (16.5)

75 (34.9)

8 (25.0)

 LAMA Alone

90 (14.9)

66 (18.8)

23 (10.7)

1 (3.1)

 ICS + LABA

78 (12.9)

53 (15.1)

17 (7.9)

8 (25.0)

 LABA Alone

18 (3.0)

12 (3.4)

4 (1.9)

2 (6.3)

 Other

9 (1.5)

6 (1.7)

2 (0.9)

1 (3.1)