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Table 1 Baseline characteristics

From: Healthcare utilization, medical expenditure, and mortality in Korean patients with pulmonary hypertension

 

Total study population

Group I (PAH)

Group II (PH-LHD)

Group III (PH-Lung)

Group IV (CTEPH)

Group V (PH-Miscellaneous)

(n = 2185)

(n = 333)

(n = 1189)

(n = 335)

(n = 102)

(n = 226)

Age (years)

67.7 ± 14.9

56.5 ± 17.6

70.0 ± 13.6

72.5 ± 10.6

68.4 ± 14.8

64.4 ± 14.4

Female sex

1123 (51.4%)

227 (68.2%)

611 (51.4%)

110 (32.8%)

71 (69.6%)

104 (46.0%)

BMI (kg/m2)

22.9 ± 3.9

22.6 ± 4.5

23.1 ± 3.7

21.5 ± 3.9

24.9 ± 3.8

22.5 ± 3.5

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

638 (29.2%)

83 (24.9%)

389 (32.7%)

66 (19.7%)

27 (26.5%)

73 (32.3%)

 Diabetes mellitus

611 (28.0%)

45 (13.5%)

385 (32.4%)

63 (18.8%)

17 (16.7%)

101 (44.7%)

 Dyslipidemia

288 (13.2%)

26 (7.8%)

200 (16.8%)

25 (7.5%)

13 (12.7%)

24 (10.6%)

 CKD

556 (25.4%)

37 (11.1%)

270 (22.7%)

27 (8.1%)

5 (4.9%)

217 (96.0%)

 Chronic hepatitis

307 (14.1%)

18 (5.4%)

202 (17.0%)

58 (17.3%)

10 (9.8%)

19 (8.4%)

Laboratory findings

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

11.8 ± 2.4

12.7 ± 2.8

11.7 ± 2.2

12.6 ± 2.4

12.1 ± 2.4

9.9 ± 1.9

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

154.9 ± 42.8

154.0 ± 41.6

155.5 ± 42.3

150.8 ± 41.6

172.2 ± 48.9

150.8 ± 44.2

 Triglyceride (mg/dL)

108.5 ± 66.6

111.7 ± 58.8

106.4 ± 61.6

99.6 ± 52.1

170.6 ± 149.3

102.0 ± 51.8

 HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

45.0 ± 14.4

46.2 ± 15.0

44.4 ± 13.9

48.1 ± 17.2

44.9 ± 15.1

44.5 ± 13.2

 LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

91.7 ± 33.3

95.9 ± 31.6

90.6 ± 33.0

87.3 ± 27.4

110.5 ± 38.7

91.1 ± 37.8

 BUN (mg/dL)

26.8 ± 19.9

18.1 ± 11.5

27.4 ± 18.8

19.3 ± 11.8

17.9 ± 7.8

51.2 ± 26.8

 Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.9 ± 2.6

1.1 ± 1.4

1.8 ± 2.1

1.0 ± 07

0.9 ± 0.7

5.9 ± 4.0

 GFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

80.6 ± 55.7

107.6 ± 56.7

75.2 ± 51.0

105.2 ± 53.5

108.2 ± 41.3

22.4 ± 24.7

 HbA1c (%)

6.5 ± 1.2

6.4 ± 1.2

6.5 ± 1.2

6.4 ± 0.9

6.5 ± 1.2

6.6 ± 1.4

Echocardiographic findings

 LVEDD (mm)

51.0 ± 10.0

45.4 ± 8.5

54.2 ± 9.7

45.3 ± 8.2

44.9 ± 8.3

53.4 ± 7.9

 LVESD (mm)

35.6 ± 11.0

29.6 ± 8.5

39.0 ± 11.1

30.1 ± 8.6

30.1 ± 8.5

37.3 ± 9.4

 LVEDV (mL)

111.4 ± 61.7

86.1 ± 46.3

120.2 ± 62.5

83.1 ± 47.4

75.7 ± 39.6

81.9 ± 57.8

 LVESV (mL)

63.6 ± 50.4

41.5 ± 35.0

71.0 ± 52.0

42.5 ± 36.3

36.7 ± 31.6

81.9 ± 57.8

 LVEF (%)

52.5 ± 15.0

60.8 ± 8.4

47.7 ± 16.3

58.3 ± 11.0

61.4 ± 8.6

52.4 ± 12.7

 LVMI (g/m2)

121.8 ± 45.0

101.6 ± 42.2

131.6 ± 44.5

102.2 ± 39.7

98.3 ± 41.5

131.7 ± 37.8

 LA dimension (mm)

46.6 ± 12.1

41.9 ± 9.4

50.2 ± 12.3

39.2 ± 10.9

39.2 ± 9.3

48.2 ± 7.8

 LAVI (mL/m2)

71.9 ± 54.3

56.5 ± 36.8

78.1 ± 59.4

55.0 ± 36.9

51.0 ± 34.1

73.6 ± 40.3

Mitral inflow

 E velocity (m/sec)

1.04 ± 0.51

0.80 ± 0.38

1.20 ± 0.53

0.76 ± 0.38

0.70 ± 0.41

1.09 ± 0.35

 A velocity (m/sec)

0.92 ± 5.40

0.74 ± 0.37

1.05 ± 7.89

0.84 ± 0.28

0.78 ± 0.24

0.85 ± 0.33

 E/A ratio

1.52 ± 2.55

1.11 ± 0.60

1.85 ± 1.25

1.27 ± 5.62

0.90 ± 0.65

1.49 ± 0.87

 Deceleration time (msec)

183.3 ± 92.0

188.7 ± 65.1

182.2 ± 103.6

186.0 ± 93.4

200.6 ± 73.0

169.7 ± 64.0

Mitral annular TDI

 e’ velocity (cm/sec)

5.66 ± 2.18

6.06 ± 2.33

5.46 ± 2.15

5.97 ± 2.30

5.62 ± 1.80

5.66 ± 1.90

 a’ velocity (cm/sec)

7.77 ± 3.39

8.46 ± 3.11

6.58 ± 2.91

9.98 ± 3.98

9.36 ± 2.54

7.25 ± 2.73

 s’ velocity (cm/sec)

6.40 ± 2.91

7.05 ± 2.18

5.83 ± 2.27

7.39 ± 3.56

7.15 ± 2.40

6.42 ± 4.67

E/e’ ratio

20.5 ± 12.8

14.7 ± 8.6

24.5 ± 13.9

14.2 ± 9.2

13.3 ± 8.7

21.1 ± 9.6

TR Vmax (m/sec)

3.7 ± 0.3

3.8 ± 0.5

3.7 ± 0.3

3.7 ± 0.4

3.8 ± 0.4

3.7 ± 0.3

PASP (mmHg)

65.5 ± 11.9

72.3 ± 18.1

62.3 ± 9.3

64.9 ± 10.8

65.6 ± 14.0

63.3 ± 7.9

Follow-up duration (months)

32.4 (16.2–57.8)

43.7 (25.3–64.0)

34.6 (18.7–60.6)

17.7 (2.2–38.7)

29.0 (10.1–52.5)

29.5 (16.0–52.1)

 All-cause death

749 (34.3%)

92 (27.6%)

344 (28.9%)

192 (57.3%)

38 (37.3%)

83 (36.7%)

  1. Data are shown as numbers (%), mean (±standard deviation), or median (interquartile ranges; Q1-Q3)
  2. Abbreviations: PAH Pulmonary arterial hypertension, PH-LHD Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease, PH-Lung Pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease or hypoxia, CTEPH Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, PH-Miscellaneous Pulmonary hypertension with multifactorial mechanisms, BMI Body-mass index, CKD Chronic kidney disease, HDL High-density lipoprotein, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, BUN Blood urea nitrogen, GFR Glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c Hemoglobin A1c, LVEDD Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, LVESD Left ventricular end-systolic dimension, LVEDV Left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVESV Left ventricular end-systolic volume, LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction, LVMI Left ventricular mass index, LA Left atrium, LAVI Left atrial volume index, TDI Tissue Doppler imaging, TR Tricuspid regurgitation, PASP Pulmonary artery systolic pressure