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Table 2 Risk of bias from included studies using ROBINS-1 criteria

From: Association between inflammatory bowel disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Bias of confounding variables

bias in selection of participant into study

Bias in classification from intended intervention

Bias due to deviation from intended intervention

Bias due to missing data

Bias in measurement of outcomes

Bias in selection of reporting results

Raj A.

Low

High

Low

Low

High

Low

High

Brassard P.

High

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Low

Ekbom A.

High

Low

Low

Low

High

Low

Low

Kang E.

High

Low

Low

Low

High

High

High