Major comorbidities lead to the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients using inhaled long-acting bronchodilators: a case-control study

Table 2 The risk of cardiovascular effects and cerebral vascular strokes in COPD patients

Clinical characteristics	Cardiovascular effects (n = 124)		Cerebral vascular stroke (n = 17)
Clinical characteristics	Odds ratio	P value	Odds ratio	P value
Male	2.76	0.001*	0.90	0.861
Age ≥ 65 y/o	1.52	0.082	2.41	0.230
Current or ever smoker	1.59	0.015*	0.52	0.197
Body mass index (BMI)
BMI < 18.5	0.46	0.089	2.50	0.141
BMI ≥ 27	1.81	0.002*	0.60	0.582
FEV₁ < 50%	1.54	0.025*	0.75	0.609
History of exacerbations in the previous year
1	2.17	< 0.001**	1.42	3.31
≥ 2	3.59	< 0.001**	2.13	6.08
Major Comorbidities
Diabetes mellitus	1.90	0.002*	0.28	0.190
Hyperlipidemia	2.96	< 0.001**	1.45	0.619
Cardiovascular disease	7.76	< 0.001**	6.50	0.001*
CKD (Ccr < 60 ml/min)	2.86	< 0.001**	1.20	0.735
Bronchodilators and treatment duration
LAMA	1.75	0.003*	1.52	0.395
≥ 90 days	0.85	0.474	0.99	0.990
≥ 180 days	0.96	0.866	0.42	0.134
≥ 360 days	1.07	0.762	0.32	0.120
LABA	1.12	0.702	N/A	0.160
≥ 90 days	1.26	0.518	N/A	0.297
≥ 180 days	1.54	0.295	N/A	0.404
≥ 360 days	1.46	0.536	N/A	0.583
LAMA/LABA	1.46	0.057	1.57	0.373
≥ 90 days	1.01	0.974	1.96	0.200
≥ 180 days	1.07	0.788	1.27	0.711
≥ 360 days	1.12	0.727	2.48	0.144
ICS/LABA	0.64	0.031*	0.39	0.121
≥ 90 days	0.87	0.504	0.59	0.352
≥ 180 days	0.99	0.953	0.74	0.601
≥ 360 days	1.05	0.839	1.00	0.994
Triple therapy	0.95	0.844	1.38	0.613
≥ 90 days	1.02	0.951	0.59	0.607
≥ 180 days	0.99	0.983	0.71	0.735
≥ 360 days	0.79	0.588	N/A	0.297

FEV₁ forced expiratory volume in 1 second, CKD chronic kidney disease, LAMA long-acting muscarinic antagonists, LABA long-acting beta2-agonists, ICS inhaled corticosteroids
*p < 0.05
**p < 0.001

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