Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the cohort
| Â | Never smoker | Former smoker | Smoker | Â | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No COPD | COPD | No COPD | COPD | No COPD | COPD | P | |
Number | 313,553 (65.45) | 7789 (1.63) | 41,359 (8.63) | 1085 (0.23) | 112,627 (23.51) | 2677 (0.56) | Â |
Age (years) | 53.64 ± 9.62 | 62.23 ± 9.87 | 51.65 ± 9.12 | 62.43 ± 10.16 | 50.92 ± 8.74 | 61.29 ± 9.83 | < 0.001 |
Gender (male), N (%) | 107,393 (34.25) | 2799 (35.94) | 39,292 (95.00) | 1005 (92.63) | 106,695 (94.73) | 2368 (88.46) | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.08 ± 3.01 | 24.02 ± 3.39 | 24.31 ± 2.73 | 23.18 ± 3.05 | 23.73 ± 2.94 | 22.97 ± 3.28 | < 0.001 |
  < 20 | 23,181 (7.39) | 847 (10.87) | 2205 (5.33) | 157 (14.47) | 11,102 (9.86) | 514 (19.20) | < 0.001 |
 20 ≤ < 25 | 178,681 (56.99) | 4071 (52.27) | 22,958 (55.51) | 642 (59.17) | 65,174 (57.87) | 1466 (54.76) | < 0.001 |
 25 ≤ < 30 | 101,536 (32.38) | 2556 (32.82) | 15,247 (36.87) | 265 (24.42) | 34,045 (30.23) | 633 (23.65) | < 0.001 |
 30 ≤ | 10,155 (3.24) | 315 (4.04) | 949 (2.29) | 21 (1.94) | 2306 (2.05) | 64 (2.39) | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126.71 ± 18.55 | 130.61 ± 19.21 | 128.56 ± 17.16 | 130.07 ± 18.70 | 127.71 ± 17.55 | 128.88 ± 18.59 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 97.28 ± 33.29 | 100.50 ± 38.18 | 99.56 ± 32.21 | 101.26 ± 44.08 | 100.40 ± 37.72 | 101.86 ± 34.78 | < 0.001 |
Fasting serum glucose (mg/dL) | 200.88 ± 38.50 | 201.56 ± 39.47 | 201.17 ± 37.52 | 196.79 ± 42.59 | 199.10 ± 38.39 | 195.80 ± 42.63 | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 313,553 (65.45) | 7789 (1.63) | 41,359 (8.63) | 1085 (0.23) | 112,627 (23.51) | 2677 (0.56) | < 0.001 |
Exercise level | |||||||
 Non exercise | 187,422(60.81) | 5387 (70.08) | 16,159 (39.74) | 619 (58.18) | 59,485 (52.97) | 1848 (69.42) | < 0.001 |
 Once or twice a week | 63,023 (20.45) | 1078 (14.02) | 13,986 (34.40) | 239 (22.46) | 33,756 (30.06) | 450 (16.90) | |
 At least three times a week | 57,778 (18.75) | 1225 (15.90) | 10,517 (25.86) | 206 (19.36) | 19,063 (16.97) | 364 (13.67) | |
Incident rate of lung cancer per 100,000 person year: average of six arms = 278 | 216 | 757 | 271 | 1266 | 394 | 1560 | <  0.001 |
Prevalence of cancer for 12 years, N (%) | |||||||
 Lung cancer (C33-C34) | 7669 (2.44) | 609 (7.82) | 1263 (3.05) | 129 (11.89) | 4899 (4.35) | 398 (14.87) | < 0.001 |
 Stomach cancer (C16) | 7979 (2.54) | 310 (3.98) | 1464 (3.54) | 64 (5.90) | 4170 (3.70) | 143 (5.34) | < 0.001 |
 Colorectal cancer (C18-C20) | 12,126 (3.87) | 505 (6.48) | 1847 (4.47) | 65 (5.99) | 4783 (4.25) | 203 (7.58) | < 0.001 |
 Liver cancer (C22) | 12,681 (4.04) | 446 (5.73) | 2091 (5.06) | 81 (7.47) | 6131 (5.44) | 188 (7.02) | < 0.001 |
 AML (C92.0) | 181 (0.06) | 5 (0.06) | 19 (0.05) | 1 (0.09) | 74 (0.07) | 3 (0.11) | 0.600 |
 Esophageal cancer (C15) | 463 (0.15) | 29 (0.37) | 124 (0.30) | 3 (0.28) | 474 (0.42) | 15 (0.56) | < 0.001 |
 Bladder cancer (C67) | 2367 (0.75) | 100 (1.28) | 426 (1.03) | 18 (1.66) | 1083 (0.96) | 39 (1.46) | < 0.001 |
 Kidney cancer (C64-C66) | 1740 (0.55) | 58 (0.74) | 276 (0.67) | 12 (1.11) | 729 (0.65) | 24 (0.90) | < 0.001 |
Past medical history, N (%) | |||||||
 Hypertension | 29,436 (9.39) | 1257 (16.14) | 3334 (8.06) | 143 (13.18) | 5974 (5.30) | 282 (10.53) | < 0.001 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 12,904 (4.12) | 539 (6.92) | 1949 (4.71) | 65 (5.99) | 4559 (4.05) | 173 (6.46) | < 0.001 |