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Table 4 COPD as a risk factor for the development of other cancers by multi-variate cox regression analyses

From: Cancer development in patients with COPD: a retrospective analysis of the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort in Korea

 

Hazard Ratio (95% CI)

Model 1 Hazard ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Model 2 Hazard ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Model 3 Hazard ratio (95% CI)

p-value

AML

 Never smoker without COPD

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Former smoker without COPD

0.617 (0.382–0.998)

0.049

0.616 (0.381–0.996)

0.048

0.632 (0.391–1.022)

0.061

Smoker without COPD

0.922 (0.684–1.242)

0.593

0.925 (0.686–1.246)

0.608

0.914 (0.678–1.233)

0.556

 Never smoker with COPD

1.064 (0.544–2.083)

0.856

1.064 (0.544–2.082)

0.857

1.047 (0.535–2.049)

0.895

 Former smoker with COPD

0.657 (0.289–1.494)

0.316

0.655 (0.288–1.491)

0.314

0.661 (0.291–1.505)

0.324

 Current smoker with COPD

0.981 (0.473–2.037)

0.959

0.984 (0.474–2.043)

0.965

0.957 (0.460–1.989)

0.905

Esphageal cancer

 Never smoker without COPD

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Former smoker without COPD

1.303 (1.061–1.600)

0.012

1.303 (1.061–1.599)

0.012

1.304 (1.062–1.601)

0.011

Smoker without COPD

2.082(1.810–2.395)

< 0.001

2.080 (1.808–2.394)

< 0.001

1.968 (1.709–2.267)

< 0.001

 Never smoker with COPD

0.973 (0.722–1.312)

0.858

0.973 (0.722–1.312)

0.858

0.945 (0.700–1.274)

0.708

 Former smoker with COPD

1.268 (0.885–1.817)

0.197

1.268 (0.884–1.817)

0.197

1.231 (0.859–1.765)

0.257

 Current smoker with COPD

2.026 (1.460–2.810)

< 0.001

2.024 (1.459–2.808)

< 0.001

1.859 (1.338–2.583)

< 0.001

Bladder cancer

 Never smoker without COPD

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Former smoker without COPD

1.090 (0.977–1.216)

0.121

1.088 (0.975–1.214)

0.129

1.089 (0.976–1.215)

0.127

Smoker without COPD

1.131 (1.044–1.225)

0.003

1.136 (1.049–1.231)

0.002

1.142 (1.053–1.237)

0.001

 Never smoker with COPD

1.145 (0.973–1.347)

0.104

1.145 (0.973–1.347)

0.103

1.146 (0.974–1.348)

0.101

 Former smoker with COPD

1.248 (1.027–1.516)

0.026

1.246 (1.026–1.514)

0.027

1.247 (1.027–1.516)

0.026

 Current smoker with COPD

1.295 (1.081–1.550)

0.005

1.301(1.087–1.558)

0.004

1.308 (1.092–1.566)

0.004

Kidney cancer

 Never smoker without COPD

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Former smoker without COPD

1.002 (0.875–1.148)

0.975

0.998 (0.871–1.143)

0.974

0.999 (0.873–1.144)

0.992

Smoker without COPD

1.054 (0.956–1.163)

0.288

1.066 (0.967–1.176)

0.198

1.075 (0.974–1.185)

0.152

 Never smoker with COPD

1.076 (0.870–1.331)

0.499

1.076 (0.870–1.330)

0.501

1.077 (0.871–1.332)

0.493

 Former smoker with COPD

1.079 (0.839–1.386)

0.555

1.073 (0.835–1.379)

0.581

1.076 (0.838–1.383)

0.565

Current smoker with COPD

1.135 (0.899–1.432)

0.287

1.147 (0.909–1.447)

0.247

1.157 (0.917–1.461)

0.219

  1. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex
  2. Model 2: Model 1 + additional adjustment for history of hypertension, and history of diabetes mellitus
  3. Model 3: Model 2 + additional adjustment for BMI and Exercise
  4. Definition of abbreviations: AML Acute myeloid leukemia, BMI Body mass index, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, * = statistically significant hazard ratio (p-value < 0.01)
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BMC Pulmonary Medicine

ISSN: 1471-2466

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