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Table 1 Clinical characteristics in nonresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients undergoing transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC)

From: Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy may be of value for nonresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: case series and systematic literature review

Case

Age (years), gender

Underly diseases

ARDS severity

Ventilation settings

Guidance

Freezing time

Sample number and size

Complication

Finial pathology

Management changes

Outcome

1

39/F

MS

Severe

PCV (PC 14 cmH2O, FiO2 90%, PEEP 11 cmH2O) and ECMO (4500 rpm, blood flow 6.3 L/min, gas flow 4 L/min, FiO2 100%)

RP-EBUS

2.4 mm/4 s

2/20, 30 mm2

Severe bleeding

Fibrotic phase of DAD with underly infection

changes in antibiotic drugs and steroid discontinuation

Died

2

68/M

NS

Severe

PCV (PC 16 cmH2O, FiO2 40%, PEEP 6 cmH2O) and ECMO (3120 rpm, blood flow 3.86 L/min, gas flow 3.5 L/min, FiO2 100%)

RP-EBUS

2.4 mm/4 s

3/12, 20, 35 mm2

Mild bleeding

Proliferative phase of DAD with CMV inclusion

initiation of high-dose steroid and antivirus treatment

Rehab

3

62/F

IGT

Severe

PCV (PC 24 cmH2O, FiO2 70%, PEEP 10 cmH2O)

RP-EBUS

2.4 mm/4 s

4/9, 12, 16, 25 mm2

Mild bleeding

Foreign body granulomas

initiation of high-dose steroid and a determination of the aspiration etiology

Rehab

4

65/F

CA

Severe

PCV (PC 20 cmH2O, FiO2 100%, PEEP 8 cmH2O)

RP-EBUS

2.4 mm/4 s

4/9, 12, 16, 25 mm2

Severe bleeding

Fibrotic NSIP

steroid discontinuation and transitioned to palliative measures

Died

5

31/M

 

moderate

HFNC (FiO2 40%, gas flow rate 60 L/min)

RP-EBUS and CBCT

2.4 mm/4 s

4/9, 15, 24, 42 mm2

Mild bleeding

COP

initiation of high-dose steroid

Rehab

  1. M man; F woman; MS multiple sclerosis; NS nephrotic syndrome; IGT impaired glucose tolerance; CA lung adenocarcinoma; PCV pressure control ventilation; PEEP positive end expiratory pressure; PC pressure control above PEEP; ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; RP-EBUS radial probe endobronchial ultrasound; CBCT cone beam computed tomography; DAD diffuse alveolar damage; HFNC high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy; CMV cytomegalovirus; NSIP non-specific interstitial pneumonia; COP cryptogenic organized pneumonia; Rehab rehabilitation