Table 1 Patient’s clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, and biopsy parameters
Variables | Overall cohort | Derivation cohort | Validation cohort | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 436) | Yes (n = 307) | (n = 129) | ||
Hemoptysis, n (%) | 187 (42.89) | 134 (43.65) | 53 (41.09) | 0.622 |
Gender, n (%) | 0.848 | |||
Female | 166 (38.07) | 116 (37.79) | 50 (38.76) | |
Man | 270 (61.93) | 191 (62.21) | 79 (61.24) | |
Age, (year) | 63 (54–70) | 63 (54–71) | 63 (54–70) | 0.836 |
SBP, (mmHg) | 128 (117–141) | 128 (117–142) | 130 (116–139) | 0.933 |
DBP, (mmHg) | 78 (70–84) | 78 (70–84) | 76 (70–83) | 0.322 |
HR, (beat/min) | 80 (72–88) | 80 (72–87) | 80 (68–89) | 0.814 |
SPO2, (%) | 98 (96–98) | 97 (96–98) | 98 (96–99) | 0.040 |
COPD, n (%) | 0.429 | |||
No | 309 (70.87) | 221 (71.99) | 88 (68.22) | |
Yes | 127 (29.13) | 86 (28.01) | 41 (31.78) | |
PT, (s) | 12.40 (11.50–13.30) | 12.40 (11.50–13.25) | 12.40 (11.70–13.40) | 0.475 |
D-Dimer, (mg/mL) | 591.0 (320.0–1269.8) | 611.9 (337.0–1361.0) | 544.0 (290.0–988.0) | 0.501 |
Platelets, (× 109/L) | 231 (177–285) | 235 (179–286) | 226 (171–285) | 0.493 |
CRP, (mg/L) | 3.95 (0.80–24.92) | 4.50 (0.90–25.00) | 3.00 (0.60–24.80) | 0.519 |
Blood glucose, (mmol/L) | 5.38 (4.74–6.71) | 5.37 (4.75–6.69) | 5.39 (4.74–6.77) | 0.419 |
Triglyceride, (mmol/L) | 1.12 (0.86–1.52) | 1.11 (0.84–1.54) | 1.14 (0.90–1.42) | 0.556 |
SCC, (μg/L) | 0.70 (0.50–1.20) | 0.70 (0.50–1.05) | 0.80 (0.60–1.30) | 0.132 |
CYFRA21-1, (ng/mL) | 2.55 (1.50–5.26) | 2.40 (1.45–4.95) | 2.80 (1.60–6.40) | 0.094 |
CEA, (ng/mL) | 2.20 (1.11–6.85) | 2.21 (1.08–7.90) | 2.17 (1.26–6.35) | 0.455 |
Lesion diagnosis, n (%) | 0.887 | |||
Benign | 187 (42.89) | 131 (42.67) | 56 (43.41) | |
Malignant | 249 (57.11) | 176 (57.33) | 73 (56.59) | |
Lesion characteristic, n (%) | 0.968 | |||
Ground-glass | 15 (3.44) | 11 (3.58) | 4 (3.10) | |
Solid | 334 (76.61) | 235 (76.55) | 99 (76.74) | |
Cavitary | 87 (19.95) | 61 (19.87) | 26 (20.16) | |
Location I, n (%) | 0.661 | |||
Left lung | 216 (49.54) | 150 (48.86) | 66 (51.16) | |
Right lung | 220 (50.46) | 157 (51.14) | 63 (48.84) | |
Location II, n (%) | 0.855 | |||
Hilus of lung | 21 (4.82) | 15 (4.89) | 6 (4.65) | |
Upper lung | 220 (50.46) | 155 (50.49) | 65 (50.39) | |
Middle lung | 19 (4.36) | 15 (4.89) | 4 (3.10) | |
Lower lung | 176 (40.37) | 122 (39.74) | 54 (41.86) | |
Lesion burr, n (%) | 0.776 | |||
No | 258 (59.17) | 183 (59.61) | 75 (58.14) | |
Yes | 178 (40.83) | 124 (40.39) | 54 (41.86) | |
Distance from the closest vessel, n (%) | 0.573 | |||
< 10 mm | 214 (49.08) | 148 (48.21) | 66 (51.16) | |
≥ 10 mm | 222 (50.92) | 159 (51.79) | 63 (48.84) | |
CT-attenuation value, (HU) | 35.0 (28.0–43.0) | 36.0 (28.5–43.0) | 34.0 (27.0–42.0) | 0.065 |
Lesion diameter, n (%) | 0.752 | |||
1–2 cm | 55 (12.61) | 38 (12.38) | 17 (13.18) | |
2–3 cm | 105 (24.08) | 77 (25.08) | 28 (21.71) | |
≥ 3 cm | 276 (63.30) | 192 (62.54) | 84 (65.12) | |
Puncture distance, (mm) | 10.0 (0.0–20.0) | 10.0 (0.0–20.0) | 10.0 (0.0–20.0) | 0.737 |
Procedure time, (min) | 10.0 (8.0–12.0) | 9.0 (8.0–12.0) | 10.0 (8.0–11.0) | 0.684 |
Puncture times, median (IQR) | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–1) | 0.563 |
Biopsy times, median (IQR) | 2 (2–2) | 2 (2–2) | 2 (2–2) | 0.105 |
Puncture position, n (%) | 0.347 | |||
Supine | 153 (35.09) | 113 (36.81) | 40 (31.01) | |
Prone | 210 (48.17) | 141 (45.93) | 69 (53.49) | |
Lateral position | 73 (16.74) | 53 (17.26) | 20 (15.50) |