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Table 4 Disparities between the markers of cross-sectional studies on children-adolescents without respiratory diseases, where spirometry markers were assessed, and the relation between lung function and body mass, expressed as either body mass index or norm weight/overweight/obesity preventing the performance of meta-analysis

From: Lung function in obese children and adolescents without respiratory disease: a systematic review

Authors (year)

Objective

Spirometry measurement

Other lung function measurment

Obesity as an independent variable

Exercise

FVC

FEV1

FEV1/FVC

FEF25–75%

PEF

ERV

Peng et al. [11] (2016) - China

To evaluate whether weight index is associated with high blood pressure, reduced FVC, dental caries and low vision, as well as whether nutritional status can predict diseases in schoolchildren

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

No

No

Özgen et al. [13] (2015) - Turkey

To evaluate the relation between lung function tests and functional capacity during exercise in children with obesity

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Kongkiattkul et al. [14] (2015) - Thailand

To evaluate the correlation between obesity indexes (anthropometry and bioimpedance) and lung function parameters and to identify whether the indexes correlate with abnormalities in lung function of children and adolescents with obesity

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

+ Body Plethysmography

Yes

No

Ferreira et al. [15] (2014) - Brazil

To assess the influence of obesity on physical and lung function of children and adolescents with obesity and to associate the variables with a control group

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Rastogi et al. [16] (2014) – United States of America

To investigate the association between total fat, trunk fat and metabolic abnormality with lung function of a sample of minority urban adolescents

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

+ Body Plethysmography

No

 

Faria et al. [17] (2014) - Brazil

To investigate lung function response during exercise in adolescents with non-morbid obesity and without respiratory diseases

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

+ Respiraory Muscular Force

Yes

Yes

Rio-Camacho et al. [20] (2013) - Spain

To investigate the left ventricular mass (echocardiography) of children with obesity, with and without metabolic syndrome; to evaluate the association between the level of adipokine and circulating cytokine and the alteration of left ventricular mass and spirometry; and to determine the best variable to predict cardiovascular risk

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Gibson et al. [19] (2014) - Australia

To evaluate (i) whether children and adolescents with overweight or obesity can be submitted to submaximal exercise; (ii) respiratory limitations during exercise in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity compared to the control group

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

+ Multi-breath Nitrogen Wash Out

Yes

Yes

Chen et al. [22] (2009) - Canada

To evaluate waist circunference as a predictor of lung function markers and to compare it with BMI in children and adolescents

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

Ferreira et al. [25] (2017) - Brazil

To evaluate lung function of children and adolescents with obesity (without asthma) by Spirometry and volumetric capnography and to compare them to healthy control of the same age group

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

+ Volumetric Capnography

Yes

No

Del-Rio Navarro et al. [26] (2013) - Mexico

To compare bronchial hyperreactivity by the methacholine challenge testing in Mexican children with normal weight. In addition, to associate the group with normal weight with children with obesity or morbid obesity

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

+ Methacoline Challenge Testing

Yes

No

Jeon et al. [28] (2009) – South Korea

To evaluate the factors that influence lung function in female adolescents, focusing on the hormonal factors of the menstrual cycle and obesity

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

He et al. [29] (2009) - China

To evaluate the relationship of obesity and asthma, symptom of asthma and lung function of Chinese schoolchildren using the definition of overweight and obesity of a Chinese group

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

Silva et al. [30] (2011) - Brazil

To assess the onset of exercise-induced bronchospasm in children and adolescents, without asthma and overweight

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

+ Peak Expiratory Flow Meter

Yes

Yes

Assumpção et al. [32] (2017) - Brazil

To compare IOS parameters of children with normal weight, overweight and obesity

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

+ Impulse Oscillometry

Yes

No

Cibella et al. [33] (2015) - Italy

To investigate the effects of weight on lung function of healthy children in a sample registered in 2 cross-sectional surveys with selected age group

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

Silva et al. [34] (2015) - Brazil

To evaluate the effects of posture on thoracoabdominal kinematics of children with obesity and to compare them with a control group with normal weight

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

+ Respiraory Muscular Force + Optoelectronic Plethysmography

Yes

No

Torun et al. [35] (2014) - Turkey

To compare lung function in children with normal weight, overweight, obesity or morbid obesity and to evaluate the effects of degree of obesity on lung function

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Khan et al. [36] (2014) - Canada

To associate anthropometric measures and lung function in children

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

Rosa et al. [37] (2014) - Brazil

To evaluate respiratory muscular strength by maximum respiratory pressure in healthy, schoolchildren with overweight and obesity, and to identify if the anthropometric and respiratory variables are related to the outcomes

No

Yes

No

No

No

No

+ Respiraory Muscular Force

Yes

No

Assunção et al. [38] (2014) - Brazil

To describe pulmonary functional alterations in asymptomatic and overweight children and adolescents

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

+ Helium Washout

Yes

No

Alghadir et al. [40] (2012) - Saudi Arabia

To investigate the relationship between severity of obesity and parameters of lung function, comparing lung function in Saudi men with overweight and obesity with individuals with normal weight, and to compare the value found with the reference values for Caucasian individuals

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

Paralikar et al. [41] (2012) - India

To evaluate lung function in adolescents with obesity in the city of Baroda, Gujarat

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

Supriyatno et al. [42] (2010) - Indonesia

To determine the prevalence of abnormalities in lung function among Indonesian male adolescents and young people with obesity

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

No

No

  1. ERV Expiratory reserve volume, FVC Forced vital capacity, FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in the first second of forced vital capacity, FEV1/FVC forced expiratory volume in the first second and forced vital capacity ratio, FEF25–75% Forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of forced vital capacity, PEF Peak expiratory flow measured by spirometry, + Studies that showed comparative markers with greater value in obesity or positive associations with variables that are indicative of obesity, − Studies that showed comparative markers with lower value in obesity or with negative association with variables that are indicative of obesity