Fig. 1

Pathophysiology and signaling pathways involved in pulmonary irradiation. a Healthy lung and radiation lung injury: early phase; b Radiation lung injury: latent and exudative phases; c Radiation lung injury: intermediate and fibrotic phases. TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-1: interleukin-1; IL-6: interleukin-6; PDGF-β: platelet-derived growth factor-β;bFGF: basic fibroblastic growth factor; ROS: release of reactive oxygen species; RNS: reactive nitrogen species; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor-beta. Created in Biorender. https://biorender.com/