Gene | Known function of the gene product | References (PMIDs) |
---|---|---|
Upregulated genes | ||
AREG | Member of the EGF family, which interacts with the EGF/TGF-alpha receptor to promote the growth of normal epithelial cells. | Stolarczyk M, et al. (27561911), Wang J, et al. (30291869) |
CYP1B1 | Member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. High expression is induced by cigarette smoke exposure. | Liu C, et al. (29110844), Slowikowski BK, et al. (28858732) |
DUSP6 | Dual-specificity protein phosphatase subfamily. It negatively regulates MAPK superfamily proteins, which are associated with cellular proliferation and differentiation. | – |
PHLDA1 | Proline–histidine-rich nuclear protein that might play an important role in the anti-apoptotic effects of insulin-like growth factor-1. | – |
SLC7A11 | Sodium-independent, high-affinity exchange of anionic amino acids with high specificity for the anionic forms of cystine and glutamate. | – |
TXNIP | Thioredoxin-binding protein that inhibits the antioxidative function of thioredoxin, resulting in the accumulation of ROS and cellular stress. | – |
WNT5A | Wnt family member 5A, ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven-transmembrane receptors. | Koopmans T, et al. (27468699), Baarsma HA, et al. (27979969) |
ZBED2 | Zinc finger BED-type containing 2. | – |
Downregulated genes | ||
ADM | Preprohormone with several functions, including vasodilation, regulation of hormone secretion, promotion of angiogenesis, and antimicrobial activity. | Xu P, et al. (14720432), Meng DQ, et al. (24962223) |
CXCR4 | CXC chemokine receptor specific for stromal cell-derived factor-1. | Weigold F, et al. (29566745), Karagiannis K, et al. (28804668) |
EFNA1 | Member of the ephrin family. Its target receptors comprise the protein-tyrosine kinases, and it has been implicated in mediating developmental events. | – |
EGLN3 | Hypoxia-inducible factor. Essential for the hypoxic regulation of neutrophilic inflammation and it has crucial role in DNA damage response. | – |
FBXO32 | Fbox protein that functions in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. | – |
HILPDA | Hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein. Stimulates cytokine expression and enhances cell growth and proliferation. | – |
IGFBP3 | Insulin-like growth factor binding protein family. It prolongs the half-life of IGFs and alters their interaction with cell surface receptors. | – |