Skip to main content

Table 2 Known function and association with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for identified genes

From: Novel biomarker genes which distinguish between smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with machine learning approach

Gene

Known function of the gene product

References (PMIDs)

Upregulated genes

AREG

Member of the EGF family, which interacts with the EGF/TGF-alpha receptor to promote the growth of normal epithelial cells.

Stolarczyk M, et al. (27561911), Wang J, et al. (30291869)

CYP1B1

Member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. High expression is induced by cigarette smoke exposure.

Liu C, et al. (29110844), Slowikowski BK, et al. (28858732)

DUSP6

Dual-specificity protein phosphatase subfamily. It negatively regulates MAPK superfamily proteins, which are associated with cellular proliferation and differentiation.

PHLDA1

Proline–histidine-rich nuclear protein that might play an important role in the anti-apoptotic effects of insulin-like growth factor-1.

SLC7A11

Sodium-independent, high-affinity exchange of anionic amino acids with high specificity for the anionic forms of cystine and glutamate.

TXNIP

Thioredoxin-binding protein that inhibits the antioxidative function of thioredoxin, resulting in the accumulation of ROS and cellular stress.

WNT5A

Wnt family member 5A, ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven-transmembrane receptors.

Koopmans T, et al. (27468699), Baarsma HA, et al. (27979969)

ZBED2

Zinc finger BED-type containing 2.

Downregulated genes

ADM

Preprohormone with several functions, including vasodilation, regulation of hormone secretion, promotion of angiogenesis, and antimicrobial activity.

Xu P, et al. (14720432), Meng DQ, et al. (24962223)

CXCR4

CXC chemokine receptor specific for stromal cell-derived factor-1.

Weigold F, et al. (29566745), Karagiannis K, et al. (28804668)

EFNA1

Member of the ephrin family. Its target receptors comprise the protein-tyrosine kinases, and it has been implicated in mediating developmental events.

EGLN3

Hypoxia-inducible factor. Essential for the hypoxic regulation of neutrophilic inflammation and it has crucial role in DNA damage response.

FBXO32

Fbox protein that functions in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation.

HILPDA

Hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein. Stimulates cytokine expression and enhances cell growth and proliferation.

IGFBP3

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein family. It prolongs the half-life of IGFs and alters their interaction with cell surface receptors.

  1. The cited references describe the confirmation of the association of the selected genes with COPD or lung function, which were obtained by reviewing the literature using PubMed ((“COPD” OR “Lung Function”) AND “name of each selected gene”)