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Table 4 Prognostic factors related to mortality (n = 224)

From: Prognostic factors for survival after bronchoscopic intervention in patients with airway obstruction due to primary pulmonary malignancy

Variable

Univariable Cox regression

Multivariable Cox regression

Unadjusted HR (95% CI)

P

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

P

Host-related factors

 Age, years

1.018 (0.997–1.039)

0.090

  

 Sex, male

1.192 (0.721–1.969)

0.493

  

 Body mass index, kg/m2

0.936 (0.887–0.987)

0.015

  

Smoking history

 No

Reference

   

 Yes

1.062 (0.709–1.589)

0.772

  

Comorbidity

 Chronic pulmonary disease

1.764 (1.135–2.740)

0.012

1.640 (1.082–2.488)

0.020

 Diabetes mellitus

1.625 (0.989–2.670)

0.055

  

 Congestive heart disease

0.719 (0.369–1.401)

0.332

  

 Chronic liver disease

0.458 (0.194–1.082)

0.075

0.529 (0.231–1.211)

0.132

 Chronic kidney disease

1.723 (0.488–6.081)

0.398

  

 Cerebrovascular disease

0.616 (0.077–4.913)

0.647

  

Poor performance statusa

1.946 (1.276–2.968)

0.002

1.750 (1.206–2.540)

0.003

Intubation due to respiratory failure before intervention

0.881 (0.500–1.553)

0.661

  

Histological type of malignancy

 Adenocarcinoma

Reference

   

 Squamous cell carcinoma

1.075 (0.662–1.746)

0.769

  

 Othersb

1.306 (0.614–2.777)

0.489

  

 Small cell carcinoma

1.863 (0.750–4.627)

0.180

  

Lesion-related factors

 Site of lesion

  Single lesion

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Extended lesion

1.399 (0.903–2.167)

0.133

1.545 (1.035–2.305)

0.033

Type of obstruction

 Endobronchial lesion

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Extrinsic compression

2.525 (1.245–5.125)

0.010

2.119 (1.120–4.011)

0.021

 Mixed lesion

2.555 (1.685–3.874)

<  0.001

2.388 (1.657–3.442)

<  0.001

Severity of stenosis (Myer and Cotton grade)c

 II and III

Reference

   

 IV

1.272 (0.887–1.824)

0.191

  

Length of MCAOd, mm

1.002 (0.988–1.016)

0.787

  

Combined fistula

0.487 (0.157–1.511)

0.213

  

Disease status and adjuvant treatment-related factors

 MCAO as initial diagnosis with adjuvant treatment

Reference

 

Reference

 

 MCAO as initial diagnosis without adjuvant treatment

2.344 (1.318–4.169)

0.004

2.370 (1.349–4.162)

0.003

 MCAO as disease progression with adjuvant treatment

2.122 (1.352–3.332)

0.001

2.179 (1.413–3.359)

<  0.001

 MCAO as disease progression without adjuvant treatment

5.296 (3.142–8.926)

<  0.001

5.099 (3.075–8.453)

<  0.001

  1. HR hazard ratio; CI confidential interval; MCAO malignant central airway obstruction
  2. a American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status grade ≥ 3 means severe systemic disease with functional limitation
  3. b Poorly differentiated (n = 7), large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (n = 3), pleomorphic carcinoma (n = 3), lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (n = 1), sarcomatoid carcinoma (n = 1), basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (n = 1)
  4. c Categorization based on the percentage of reduction in cross-sectional area. Grade 1, ≤ 50% lumenal stenosis; Grade II, 51–70% lumenal stenosis; Grade III, 71–99% luminal stenosis; Grade IV, no lumen
  5. d Length of MCAO was defined as the sum of the length of the obstructive lesions more than grade II
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BMC Pulmonary Medicine

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