Vitamin D deficiency is associated with respiratory symptoms and airway wall thickening in smokers with and without COPD: a prospective cohort study

Table 4 Imaging characteristics^a

	Vitamin D Deficient	Vitamin D Sufficient	p value (Univariate analysis)	Vitamin D Deficiency Effect Estimate (SE)^d	p value (Multivariable regression)
n^b	549	970
% emphysema	5.80 (8.33)	7.33 (9.48)	0.002	0.76 (0.49)	0.12
15th percentile of lung density histogram (+ 1000 HU)	85.70 (32.25)	76.81 (28.45)	< 0.001	−2.1 (1.42)	0.14
% gas trapping	21.47 (18.76)	24.99 (19.20)	0.002	1.81 (1.05)	0.085
Segmental airway wall thickness	1.08 (0.23)	1.05 (0.22)	0.019	0.027 (0.012)	0.021
Pi10^c	2.44 (0.63)	2.37 (0.59)	0.053	0.058 (0.036)	0.11
Segmental wall area %	52.03 (8.65)	51.07 (8.21)	0.040	0.81 (0.48)	0.092
Change in % emphysema	0.88 (3.87)	0.56 (4.21)	0.17	0.36 (0.25)	0.16
Change in % gas trapping	3.44 (9.89)	2.01 (9.09)	0.024	0.73 (0.64)	0.26
Change in segmental airway wall thickness	−0.00 (0.13)	0.01 (0.11)	0.12	−0.0052 (0.0077)	0.50

Mean (SD) or N(%) are shown
^aEach row represents the outcome of a separate regression model
^bCT scan data was available for 1519 subjects
^csquare root of wall area of hypothetical airway with 10 mm internal perimeter
^dCovariates in linear regression models include age, race, gender, BMI, current smoking status, and scanner model

ISSN: 1471-2466