Table 1 The characteristics and outcomes of included studies
Reference | Study location | Follow-up, years | Sex | Sample size/ Incident T2DM | Adjustment factors | Exposure and effect size (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lin et al.,2017 [13] | Taiwan | 13 | M&F | 32,697/1231 | age, income, sex, co-morbidities (hypertension, mental disorders, ischemic heart disease, stroke, heart failure, dementia, hyperlipidemia, anemia, Parkinson’s disease, atrial fibrillation, liver cirrhosis, peripheral vascular disease, renal dialysis), anticoagulants, anti-platelet agents, lipid-lowering agents | COPD VS No COPD:1.09 (1.02–1.17) COPDea VS No COPD: 2.18 (1.88–2.52) |
Lee et al.,2013 [14] | Taiwan | 5.5 | M&F | 16,088/884 | age, sex, residential area, socioeconomic status, steroid use, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease | COPD VS No COPD: 1.41 (1.23–1.63) |
Sode et al.,2011 [15] | Denmark | 27 | M&F | 7,419,791/292228 | age, sex, descent, geographical residency, and level of education | COPD VS No COPD: 1.21 (1.20–1.23) |
Song et al.,2010 [16] | U.S | 12.2 | F | 34,056/2016 | age, randomized treatment assignment, BMI, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, postmenopausal hormone use, family history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, total calorie intake, dietary factors | COPD VS No COPD:1.33 (1.09–1.63) |
Rana et al.,2004 [17] | U.S | 8 | F | 97,245/2959 | age, BMI, sedentary, smoking status, daily alcohol intake, a dietary score variable | COPD VS No COPD: 1.80 (1.10–2.80) |
Ford et al.,2004 [18] | U.S | 22 | M&F | 6555/519 | age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, cholesterol concentration, BMI, alcohol use, recreational exercise, non-recreational activity | COPD (moderate or severe) VS No COPD: 1.02 (0.68–1.53); COPD (mild) VS No COPD: 0.66 (0.39–1.12) |
Zaigham et al.,2016 [4] | Sweden | 26 | M&F | 27,711/4746 | age, height, BMI, smoking status, ESR (log transformed), baseline glucose, cholesterol, physical activity, antihypertensive medication, social class, family history of diabetes, alcohol abuse. | FEV1% in males:≥106.34, 1.0 (reference); 95.57–106.34, 1.06 (0.97–1.17);84.65–95.57, 1.12 (0.95 to 1.33); ≤84.65, 1.48 (1.35–1.63); FEV1% in females:≥106.67, 1.0 (reference); 96.13–106.67, 1.26 (1.04–1.53); 85.14–96.12, 1.26 (1.04–1.53); ≤85.13, 1.45 (1.20–1.75); FVC% in males:≥106.88, 1.0 (reference); 97.42–106.88, 1.06 (0.96–1.17); 87.34–97.42, 1.24 (1.13–1.37); ≤87.34, 1.48 (1.35–1.63); FVC% in females:≥107.50, 1.0 (reference); 97.33–107.49, 1.03 (0.85–1.24); 87.95–97.30, 1.31 (1.09–1.58); ≤87.94, 1.39 (1.16–1.67); FEV1/FVC in males < 70% VS ≥70%:1.06 (0.98–1.16); FEV1/FVC in females < 70% VS ≥70%:0.99 (0.81–1.22) |
Oda, E et al.,2016 [5] | Japan | 6 | M&F | 2967/89 | age, sex, BMI, current smoking and use of antihypertensive drugs, HbA1c, log hs-CRP | FVC%: 102.00–139.00, 1.0 (reference); 92.00–101.00, 1.05 (0.55–1.99); 54.00–91.00, 1.69 (0.95–3.01); FEV1/FVC: 84.00–99.00, 1.0 (reference); 79 .00–83.00, 1.03 (0.57–1.86);37.00–78.00, 1.67 (0.89–3.12) |
Kim et al.,2014 [6] | Korea | 4.7 | M&F | 16,195/640 | age, sex, exercise, drinking, smoking habits, hypertension, BMI, waist circumference, fasting glucose level. | FEV1%: 85.80–103.20, 1.0 (reference); 70.70–84.30, 1.12 (0.86–1.47); 65.10–84.10, 1.07 (0.73–1.58); FVC%:84.80–101.20, 1.0 (reference); 75.30–95.10, 1.07 (0.73–1.58); 69.40–79.00, 1.12 (0.86–1.47); FEV1/FVC: 78.00–88.00, 1.0 (reference); 62.00–76.00, 1.12 (0.86–1.47) |
Kwon et al.,2012 [7] | Korea | 5 | M | 9220/207 | age, BMI, education, smoking, exercise, alcohol, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol | FEV1%: > 119.90, 1.0 (reference); 105.50–119.90,1.08 (0.69–1.70); 94.60–105.50, 1.46 (0.95–2.25);≤94.60,1.58 (1.04–2.39); FVC%:≥109.10, 1.0 (reference); 98.60–109.10, 1.66 (1.05–2.62); 89.40–98.60, 1.11 (0.69–1.80);≤89.40,1.84 (1.19–2.84) |
Heianza et al.,2012 [8] | Japan | 4 | M | 5346/214 | age, parental history of diabetes, physical activity, smoking status, BMI, hypertension, log-transformed triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c | FEV1%:≥104.10, 1.0 (reference); 96.40–104.00, 1.25 (0.79–1.99); 88.80–96.30, 1.76 (1.15–2.69);≤88.70, 1.73 (1.14–2.62); FVC%:≥111.70, 1.0 (reference); 103.90–111.60, 1.03 (0.67–1.58); 95.8–103.8, 1.17 (0.77–1.76);≤95.70,1.39 (0.95–2.05); FEV1/FVC:≥83.10, 1.0 (reference); 80.00–83.00, 1.11 (0.75–1.65); 75.90–79.90, 1.10 (0.74–1.63);≤75.80, 0.98 (0.64–1.50) |
Wannamethee et al.,2010 [9] | U.K | 20 | M | 4434/256 | age, BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, social class, evidence of CHD (undiagnosed),triglycerides, SBP, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood glucose, GGT,CRP, IL-6 | FEV1: Highest, 1.0 (reference); Lowest, 1.67 (1.09–2.56); FVC: Highest, 1.0 (reference); Lowest, 1.46 (0.97–2.20); FEV1/FVC:≥82.00, 1.0 (reference); 77.00–82.00, 0.77 (0.55–1.07); 71.00–77.00, 0.87 (0.63–1.21);≤71.00, 0.67 (0.46–0.96) |
Yeh et al.,2005 [10] | U.S | 9 | M&F | 11,479/1346 | age, race, pack-years of smoking, waist circumference, sport activity index,(FVC% + fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, SBP) | FEV1% in males: Highest, 1.0 (reference); Lowest, 1.70 (1.30–2.10);FEV1% in females: Highest, 1.0 (reference); Lowest, 1.50 (1.10–1.90);FVC% in males: > 108.40, 1.0 (reference); <  90.8, 1.30 (1.00–1.70);FVC% in females: > 114.60, 1.0 (reference); <  95.70, 1.40 (1.10–1.80) |