Fig. 12
From: Ultrasound and non-ultrasound imaging techniques in the assessment of diaphragmatic dysfunction
Reproduced with permission from Radiologic Society of North America: Cluzel et al. Radiology 2000;215(2):574–83
Magnetic resonance images of the diaphragm and rib cage in the sagittal view. Images were obtained at (a) total lung capacity, (b) functional residual capacity, and (c) residual volume, 7Â cm to the left of the midline. At total lung capacity (a) the anterior insertion of the diaphragm onto chest wall (left white arrowhead) is in close proximity to the lower anterior ribs (black arrows) indicating that the zone of apposition is close to zero. Posteriorly, the diaphragm is positioned nearly at the level of the posterior insertion point at the twelfth rib (right white arrowhead). As the diaphragm moves to functional residual capacity (b) and residual volume (c) the zone of apposition increases indicated by the cranial movement of the upper limits of the zone of apposition (right and left thin white arrowheads).