Skip to main content

Table 3 Clinical characteristics, blood gas analysis at presentation and in-hospital treatments in all patients and by gender

From: Covid-19 and gender: lower rate but same mortality of severe disease in women—an observational study

 

N

All patients (N = 431)

Gender

Female (N = 119)

Male (N = 312)

p

At entry in emergency room

AVPU—no. (%)

421

    

 A (alert)

 

395 (93.8)

109 (93.2)

286 (94.1)

0.39

 V (verbal)

 

4 (1.0)

2 (1.7)

2 (0.7)

 

 P (pain)

 

4 (1.0)

2 (1.7)

2 (0.7)

 

 U (unresponsive)

 

18 (4.3)

4 (3.4)

14 (4.6)

 

HR, bpm—median [IQR]

400

84 [75–94]

87 [78–95]

83 [73–93]

0.024

SBP, mmHg—median [IQR]

395

126 [112–140]

126 [113–140]

126 [110–140]

0.82

RR, acts/min—median [IQR]

221

20 [16–26]

20 [16–26]

20 [16–26]

0.35

Fever—no. (%)

405

264 (65.2)

69 (61.1)

195 (66.8)

0.28

pH—median [IQR]

277

7.47 [7.44–7.50]

7.49 [7.44–7.51]

7.47 [7.44–7.50]

0.16

PaO2/FiO2—median [IQR]

295

229 [142–278]

238 [150–281]

229 [134–273]

0.28

 < 200—no. (%)

295

113 (38.3)

23 (32.9)

90 (40.0)

0.28

PaCO2, mmHg—median [IQR]

292

33.0 [29.7–35.0]

32.0 [30.0–36.2]

33.0 [29.0–35.0]

0.62

HCO3−, mmol/L—median [IQR]

151

24.1 [22.0–26.0]

25.4 [23.4–27.4]

24.0 [22.0–25.0]

< 0.001

Lac, mmol/L—median [IQR]

188

1.38 [1.01–1.74]

1.26 [1.00–1.62]

1.40 [1.03–1.88]

0.27

In the first 24 h

Oxygen and ventilatory supporta—no. (%)

 Low flow oxygen nasal cannula

415

111 (26.7)

40 (34.8)

71 (23.7)

0.022

 Venturi mask

415

50 (12.0)

11 (9.6)

39 (13.0)

0.34

 Non-rebreather mask

415

95 (22.9)

27 (23.5)

68 (22.7)

0.86

 CPAP

415

92 (22.2)

15 (13.0)

77 (25.7)

0.006

 NIV

415

14 (3.4)

2 (1.7)

12 (4.0)

0.25

 ETI

415

12 (2.9)

4 (3.5)

8 (2.7)

0.74

FiO2—median [IQR]

373

60.0 [35.0–70.0]

50.0 [30.0–70.0]

60.0 [35.0–70.0]

0.025

PEEP, cmH2O—median [IQR]

109

15.0 [12.0–16.0]

15.0 [13.0–15.5]

15.0 [12.0–16.0]

0.67

IPAP, cmH2O—median [IQR]

15

20.0 [16.0–24.0]

21.0 [20.0–22.0]

20.0 [16.0–24.0]

0.86

Antiviralb—no. (%)

399

326 (81.7)

83 (76.9)

243 (83.5)

0.13

Hydroxychloroquine—no. (%)

392

305 (77.8)

81 (76.4)

224 (78.3)

0.69

Steroidc—no. (%)

395

39 (9.9)

6 (5.6)

33 (11.5)

0.083

Antibioticsd—no. (%)

406

372 (91.6)

103 (92.0)

269 (91.5)

0.88

IL-6 inhibitorse—no. (%)

387

17 (4.4)

0 (0.0)

17 (6.0)

0.005

  1. Data expressed as column percentages. Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding. AVPU = level of consciousness; HR = Heart Rate; RR = Respiratory Rate; SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure; ER = Emergency Room; FiO2 = Fraction of inspired oxygen; PaO2 = Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood; SaO2 = Oxygen arterial Saturation; PaCO2 = Partial pressure of Carbon Dioxide in arterial blood; HCO3− = Bicarbonate; Lac = Lactate concentration in arterial blood; PEEP = Positive End Expiratory Pressure; IPAP = Inspiratory Positive Airway Pressure (Pressure support + PEEP)
  2. aOxygen and Ventilatory support in the first 24 h by the ER presentation intended as the highest between Low flow oxygen nasal cannula, Venturi mask, Non-rebreather mask (reservoir), Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) with helmet, Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and Endotracheal Intubation (ETI)
  3. bAntiviral therapy intended as at least one of the following: Oseltamivir, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Remdesivir and Darunavir/Cobicistat
  4. cSteroid therapy intended as Methylprednisolone, Hydrocortisone and Dexamethasone
  5. dAntibiotic Therapy was prescribed at Physician’s discretion and at least one of the following: Ceftriaxone, Cefixime, Azithromycin or Levofloxacin
  6. eIL-6 inhibitors, intended as Tocilizumab or Siltuximab, were prescribed in according to shared local clinical protocol. IQR = Interquartile Range; p values obtained by Chi-square test (or Fisher's exact test when appropriate) for categorical variables and Wilcoxon-Mann–Whitney test for continuous variables
Back to article page

BMC Pulmonary Medicine

ISSN: 1471-2466

Contact us