Table 1 Results of systematic review with cohort studies of COVID-19 patients who had follow-up—baseline characteristics

You [17]

China

6/5/20

Retrospective

38 ± 13.4 days after discharge

50.7 ± 12.1

55.6% (10)

Hypertension 16.7% (3)

Diabetes mellitus 5.6% (1)

Hypothyroidism 5.6% (1)

NA

NA

33.3% (6)

66.7% (12)

Huang [18]

China

6/29/20

Retrospective

30 days after discharge

46.7 ± 13.8

45.6% (26)

Hypertension 19.3% (11)

Diabetes mellitus 7.0% (4)

Cardiovascular disease 5.3% (3)

Malignancy 5.3% (3)

NA

Cough 10.5% (6)

Dyspnea 7% (4)

Occasional wheezing 5.3% (3)

29.8% (17)

70.2% (40)

Liu [19]

China

7/21/20

Retrospective

Initial CT: median 10 days (range 7–16) after discharge

Llatest CT: median 31 days (range 20–37) after initial CT

46.6 ± 13.9

41.2% (21)

Hypertension 13.7% (7)

Diabetes mellitus 7.8% (4)

Coronary heart disease 2% (1)

NA

Cough 15.7% (8)

Sputum 3.9% (2)

Throat discomfort 5.9% (3)

NA

NA

Zhao [20]

China

8/25/20

Retrospective

64–93 days after discharge

47.7 ± 15.5

58.2% (32)

Hypertension 10.9% (6)

Diabetes mellitus 3.6% (2)

Cardiovascular disease 3.6% (2)

Fever 67.3% (37)

Cough 54.5% (30)

Fatigue 32.7% (18)

GI symptoms 30.9% (17)

Headache 18.2% (10)

Fatigue 16.4% (9)

Exertional dyspnea 14.6% (8)

Cough and sputum 1.8% (1)

7.3% (4)

92.7% (51)

Zhong [21]

China

10/14/20

Retrospective

39.6 ± 5.96 days after symptom onset

19.71 ± 4.08 days after discharge

45.5 ± 13.7

55.8% (29)

Hypertension 23.1% (12)

Diabetes mellitus 9.6% (5)

Cardiac disease 5.8% (3)

Cerebrovascular disease 1.9% (1)

Fever 100% (52)

Cough 48.1% (25)

Fatigue 28.8% (15)

Headache 7.7% (4)

Vomiting 1.9% (1)

Abdominal pain3.8% (2)

Diarrhea 1.9% (1)

NA

36.5% (19)

63.5% (33)

Liang [22]

China

10/26/20

Prospective

3 months after discharge

41.3 ± 13.8

28% (21)

Hypertension 6.6% (5)

Cardiovascular disease 1.3% (1)

Diabetes mellitus 3.9% (3)

Thyroid disease 2.6% (2)

Pulmonary tuberculosis 6.6% (5)

Chronic bronchitis 3.9% (3)

Asthma 2.6% (2)

NA

NA

9.2% (7)

90.8% (69)

Tabatabaei [23]

Iran

11/9/20

Retrospective

91 ± 15.5 days after initial CT

50.2 ± 13.1

61.5% (32)

Cardiac disease 11.5% (6)

Diabetes mellitus 7.7% (4)

Hypertension 3.8% (2)

Pulmonary disease 3.8% (2)

Fever 88.4% (46)

Fatigue 53.8% (28)

Dyspnea 40.4% (21)

Mild chest pain or discomfort 28.8% (15)

Dyspnea on exertion 11.5% (6)

Cough 1.9% (1)

NA

NA

van den Borst [24]

The Netherlands

11/21/20

Prospective

13.0 ± 2.2 weeks after symptom onset

9.1 ± 1.6 weeks after discharge

59 ± 14

60% (74)

Cardiovascular disease 24% (30)

Asthma 10% (12)

COPD 6% (7)

Hypertension 28% (34)

Diabetes mellitus 14% (17)

Chronic kidney disease 8% (10)

Malignancy 20% (25)

Immunocompromised status 15% (18)

NA

NA

37.1% (46)

62.9% (78)

Smet [25]

Belgium

11/30/20

Retrospective

74 ± 12 days after diagnosis

53 ± 13

61.4% (135)

Hypertension 34.1% (75)

Diabetes mellitus 17.7% (39)

NA

Fatigue 40.9% (90)

Dyspnea 29.5% (65)

100% (220)

0% (0)

Shah [26]

Canada

12/3/20

Prospective

12 weeks after symptom onset

67 [54, 74]

68.3% (41)

Hypertension 35% (21)

Diabetes 22% (13)

Chronic pulmonary disease 13% (8)

Coronary artery disease 10% (6)

Malignancy 10% (6)

Chronic Kidney Disease 7% (4)

NA

Dyspnea 20% (12)

Cough 20% (12)

76.7% (46)

23.3% (14)

Lerum [27]

Norway

12/10/20

Prospective

83 [73, 90] days after hospital admission

59 [49, 72]

52% (54)

Hypertension 34.0% (35)

Diabetes Mellitus 7.8% (8)

NA

NA

14.6% (15)

85.4% (88)

Bellan [28]

Italy

1/4/21

Prospective

4 months after after discharge

61 [50, 71]

59.7% (142)

Hypertension 41.2% (98)

Diabetes Mellitus 15.1% (36)

Dyslipidemia 8.4% (20)

COPD 5.8% (14)

Inflammatory bowel disease 1.7% (4)

Chronic liver disease 2.9% (7)

Autoimmune disease 2.1% (5)

Hematological disease 6.3% (15)

Chronic kidney disease 6.3% (15)

Fever 90.3% (215)

Cough 55.5% (132)

Dyspnea 54.2% (129)

Ageusia 29.4% (70)

Anosmia 26.5% (63)

Diarrhea 22.7% (54)

Arthralgia 19.3% (46)

Myalgia 18.9% (45)

Chest pain 0.8% (2)

Sore throat 0.4% (1)

Headache 0.4% (1)

Cough 2.5% (6)

Dyspnea 5.5% (13)

Ageusia 5.0% (12)

Anosmia 4.6% (11)

Diarrhea 1.3% (3)

Arthralgia 5.9% (14)

Myalgia 5.9% (14)

Chest pain 0.4% (1)

29.4% (70)

70.6% (168)

Huang [29]

China

1/8/21

Ambi-directional

186 [175, 199] days after symptom onset

57 (47, 65)

52% (897)

Hypertension 29.1% (505)

Diabetes Mellitus 11.9% (207)

Cardiovascular disease 7.4% (128)

Cerebrovascular disease 2.7% (47)

Malignancy 2.5% (44)

COPD 1.8% (31)

Chronic Kidney Disease 1.6% (27)

NA

Fatigue 62.7% (1038)

Sleep difficulties 26.4% (437)

Hair loss 21.7% (359)

Smell disorder 10.6% (176)

Palpitations 9.3% (165)

Arthralgia 9.3% (165)

Decreased appetite 8.3% (138)

Taste disorder 7.3% (120)

Dizziness 6.1% (101)

Diarrhea or vomiting 4.8% (80)

Chest pain 4.5% (75)

Sore throat 4.2% (69)

Skin rash 2.8% (47)

Myalgia 2.4% (39)

Headache 2.0% (33)

7.0% (122)

93.0% (1611)

Guler [30]

Switzerland

1/8/21

Prospective

128 [108, 144] days after symptom onset

57.2 ± 12.1

59.3% (67)

Hypertension 35.4% (40)

Diabetes Mellitus 20.4% (23)

Interstitial lung disease 4.4% (5)

COPD 8.0% (9)

Asthma 13.3% (15)

GERD 9.7% (11)

Sleep apnea 10.6% (12)

Chronic heart failure 9.7% (11)

Chronic Kidney Disease 11.5% (13)

Malignancy 5.3% (6)

NA

NA

58.4% (66)

41.6% (47)

Han [31]

China

1/26/21

Prospective

175 ± 20 days after symptom onset

54 ± 12

70.2% (80)

Hypertension 28.1% (32)

Diabetes Mellitus 11.4% (13)

Chronic pulmonary disease 14.0% (16)

NA

Cough 6.1% (7)

Sputum 10.0% (11)

Exertional Dyspnea 14.0% (16)

NA

NA