| |
Prevalence of COPD
|
|---|
|
Overall (N = 3047)
|
Smoking statusa
|
Annual mean PM2.5 concentrationb (μg/m3)
|
|---|
|
Non-smokers (N = 2073)
|
Smokers (N = 1334)
|
< 75 (N = 2267)
|
≥ 75 (N = 1140)
|
|---|
| |
n
|
% (95%CI)
|
P value
|
n
|
% (95%CI)
|
P value
|
n
|
% (95%CI)
|
P value
|
n
|
% (95%CI)
|
P value
|
n
|
% (95%CI)
|
P value
|
|---|
|
Overall
|
407
|
11.9 (10.9, 13.0)
| |
132
|
6.4 (5.3, 7.4)
| |
275
|
20.6 (18.4, 22.8)
| |
246
|
10.9 (9.6, 12.1)
| |
161
|
14.1 (12.1, 16.1)
| |
|
Gender
| | |
< 0.001
| | |
0.017
| | |
0.792
| | |
< 0.001
| | |
< 0.001
|
|
Men
|
285
|
18.3 (16.3, 20.2)
| |
31
|
9.3 (6.2, 12.4)
| |
254
|
20.7 (18.4, 23.0)
| |
177
|
16.8 (14.6, 19.1)
| |
108
|
21.2 (17.6, 24.7)
| |
|
Women
|
122
|
6.6 (5.5, 7.7)
| |
101
|
5.8 (4.7, 6.9)
| |
21
|
19.6 (12.1, 27.2)
| |
69
|
5.7 (4.4, 7.0)
| |
53
|
8.4 (6.2, 10.6)
| |
|
Age (years)
| | |
< 0.001
| | |
< 0.001
| | |
< 0.001
| | |
< 0.001
| | |
< 0.001
|
|
40–49
|
28
|
3.2 (2.1, 4.4)
| |
14
|
2.3 (1.1, 3.5)
| |
14
|
5.3 (2.6, 8.0)
| |
25
|
4.2 (2.6, 5.8)
| |
3
|
1.1 (0, 2.4)
| |
|
50–59
|
89
|
7.9 (6.3, 9.5)
| |
29
|
4.2 (2.7, 5.6)
| |
60
|
13.9 (10.7, 17.2)
| |
60
|
7.8 (5.9, 9.7)
| |
29
|
8.0 (5.2, 10.8)
| |
|
60–69
|
175
|
17.2 (14.8, 19.5)
| |
49
|
8.7 (6.3, 11.0)
| |
126
|
27.8 (23.6, 31.9)
| |
99
|
14.9 (12.2, 17.6)
| |
76
|
21.5 (17.2, 25.7)
| |
|
70+
|
115
|
29.1 (24.6, 33.6)
| |
40
|
19 (13.7, 24.4)
| |
75
|
40.5 (33.5, 47.6)
| |
62
|
25.7 (20.2, 31.2)
| |
53
|
34.4 (26.9, 41.9)
| |
|
Residence
| | |
0.112
| | |
0.885
| | |
0.068
| | |
0.530
| | | |
|
Urban
|
215
|
12.8 (11.2, 14.4)
| |
63
|
6.3 (4.8, 7.8)
| |
152
|
22.6 (19.5, 25.8)
| |
54
|
10.1 (7.6, 12.7)
| |
161
|
14.1 (12.1, 16.1)
| |
|
Rural
|
192
|
11.1 (9.6, 12.6)
| |
69
|
6.4 (5.0, 7.9)
| |
123
|
18.6 (15.6, 21.5)
| |
192
|
11.1 (9.6, 12.6)
| |
0
| | |
|
Educational attainment (years)
| | |
< 0.001
| | |
0.069
| | |
< 0.001
| | |
0.418
| | |
< 0.001
|
|
9−
|
356
|
12.8 (11.6, 14.0)
| |
116
|
6.8 (5.6, 8.0)
| |
240
|
22.3 (19.8, 24.7)
| |
210
|
11.1 (9.7, 12.6)
| |
146
|
16.3 (13.9, 18.8)
| |
|
10–12
|
43
|
8.4 (6.0, 10.8)
| |
13
|
4.3 (2.0, 6.6)
| |
30
|
14.4 (9.6, 19.1)
| |
32
|
10.1 (6.8, 13.4)
| |
11
|
5.7 (2.4, 9.0)
| |
|
13+
|
8
|
6.8 (2.3, 11.4)
| |
3
|
4.3 (0.0, 9.0)
| |
5
|
10.6 (1.8, 19.5)
| |
4
|
6.2 (0.3, 12.2)
| |
4
|
7.5 (0.4, 14.7)
| |
|
Occupationc
| | |
0.628
| | |
0.153
| | |
0.288
| | |
0.353
| | |
0.664
|
|
Blue collar
|
289
|
12.1 (10.8, 13.4)
| |
104
|
6.8 (5.6, 8.1)
| |
185
|
21.5 (18.7, 24.2)
| |
192
|
11.2 (9.7, 12.7)
| |
97
|
14.5 (11.8, 17.2)
| |
|
White collar
|
118
|
11.5 (9.6, 13.5)
| |
28
|
5.1 (3.3, 6.9)
| |
90
|
19.0 (15.5, 22.6)
| |
54
|
9.8 (7.3, 12.3)
| |
64
|
13.6 (10.5, 16.7)
| |
|
Biomass used
| | |
< 0.001
| | |
0.011
| | |
0.025
| | |
0.036
| | |
< 0.001
|
|
No
|
270
|
10.7 (9.5, 11.9)
| |
87
|
5.6 (4.4, 6.7)
| |
183
|
19.1 (16.6, 21.5)
| |
161
|
10.0 (8.5, 11.4)
| |
109
|
12.0 (9.9, 14.2)
| |
|
Yes
|
137
|
15.4 (13.0, 17.8)
| |
45
|
8.7 (6.3, 11.2)
| |
92
|
24.6 (20.2, 29.0)
| |
85
|
13.0 (10.4, 15.6)
| |
52
|
22.1 (16.8, 27.4)
| |
|
Parental history of respiratory diseasese
| | |
0.012
| | |
0.011
| | |
0.127
| | |
0.078
| | |
0.100
|
|
Negative
|
255
|
11.0 (9.7, 12.3)
| |
76
|
5.4 (4.2, 6.6)
| |
179
|
19.5 (16.9, 22.0)
| |
159
|
10.1 (8.6, 11.6)
| |
96
|
12.9 (10.5, 15.3)
| |
|
Positive
|
152
|
14.0 (11.9, 16.1)
| |
56
|
8.3 (6.3, 10.4)
| |
96
|
23.1 (19.1, 27.2)
| |
87
|
12.6 (10.1, 15.1)
| |
65
|
16.5 (12.8, 20.1)
| |
|
Body weight status (BMI)f
| | |
< 0.001
| | |
0.701
| | |
< 0.001
| | |
0.024
| | |
0.002
|
|
24−
|
189
|
14.6 (12.7, 16.5)
| |
52
|
6.6 (4.9, 8.4)
| |
137
|
26.7 (22.9, 30.5)
| |
112
|
12.7 (10.5, 14.9)
| |
77
|
18.5 (14.7, 22.2)
| |
|
24–27
|
169
|
11.3 (9.7, 12.9)
| |
60
|
6.5 (4.9, 8.1)
| |
109
|
18.8 (15.6, 21.9)
| |
103
|
10.4 (8.5, 12.3)
| |
66
|
12.8 (9.9, 15.7)
| |
|
28+
|
49
|
8 (5.9, 10.2)
| |
20
|
5.4 (3.1, 7.7)
| |
29
|
12.1 (8.0, 16.2)
| |
31
|
7.7 (5.1, 10.3)
| |
18
|
8.6 (4.8, 12.4)
| |
- aSmokers referred to either current (continuously smoked at least one cigarette every day for at least 1 year or totally smoked 18+ packs in a year) or former (met the criteria of current smokers previously but now did not smoke for > 1 year) smokers, while non-smokers means the never-smokers. Non-smokers were those not meeting the current/former smokers’ criteria
- bClassification of PM2.5 was based on “ambient air quality standard (GB3095-2010)” issued by China State Department of Environment Protection in 2010
- cBlue collar: including farmer, factory worker, forestry worker, fisher, salesperson, house-worker and vehicle driver; White collar: including office worker, teacher, doctor, academic researcher and government official
- dTypically using wood, grass, crop residues or animal waste for cooking or heating
- ePositive parental history of respiratory diseases referred to that either of parents has been diagnosed with any of the following respiratory diseases: asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, COPD, pulmonary heart disease, or bronchiectasis
- fBody weight status was assessed based on BMI cutoffs recommended for Chinese adults
