Table 3 Baseline behavioral and clinical characteristics of the subcohort, by gender and area residence

Weight status

74.16 ± 13.27

78.15 ± 13.26

70.52 ± 12.20

75.49 ± 12.95

68.89 ± 13.27

Body mass index (BMI)—mean (SD)

27.70 ± 4.58

26.62 ± 4.02

28.68 ± 4.83

27.87 ± 4.47

27.00 ± 4.93

 Underweight (BMI < 20)—n (%)

259 (3.3%)

165 (4.4%)

94 (2.3%)

163 (2.6%)

96 (6%)

 Healthy (20–25)—n (%)

1934 (24.4%)

1100 (29.1%)

834 (20.2%)

1447 (22.9%)

487 (30.7%)

 Overweight (25–30)—n (%)

3550 (44.9%)

1813 (48%)

1737 (42%)

2948 (46.6%)

601 (37.9%)

 Obesity (> 30)—n (%)

2171 (27.4%)

699 (18.5%)

1472 (35.6%)

1768 (27.9%)

403 (25.4%)

Smoking status

 Current smoker n (%) yes

1288 (16.1%)

1272 (33.3%)

16 (0.4%)

1078 (16.9%)

210 (13.2%)

 Former smoker n (%) yes

612 (7.7%)

596 (15.6%)

16 (0.4%)

511 (8%)

101 (6.4%)

 Never smoker n (%) yes

6078 (76.2%)

1956 (51.2%)

4122 (99.2%)

4798 (75.1%)

1279 (80.4%)

Pack-years

 1–10

974 (12.2%)

777 (20.3%)

32 (0.8%)

728 (11.4%)

144 (9.1%)

 10–20

583 (7.3%)

712 (18.6%)

0 (0.0%)

587 (9.2%)

100 (6.3%)

 > 20

343 (4.3%)

379 (9.9%)

0 (0.0%)

274 (4.3%)

67 (4.2%)

Fuels used

 Gas

5198 (65.2%)

2519 (65.9%)

2679 (64.5%)

4777 (74.8%)

421 (26.5%)

 Oil/gasoline

1801 (22.6%)

868 (22.7%)

933 (22.5%)

1183 (18.5%)

618 (38.9%)

 Wood/firewood/animal dung

979 (12.3%)

437 (11.4%)

542 (13%)

427 (6.7%)

551 (34.7%)

Cooking area (kitchen type)

 Closed kitchen inside the house

1905 (23.9%)

826 (21.6%)

1079 (26%)

1371 (21.5%)

534 (33.6%)

 Open kitchen inside the house

5979 (74.9%)

2951 (77.2%)

3028 (72.9%)

4951 (77.5%)

1028 (64.7%)

 Outside of the house

94 (1.2%)

47 (1.2%)

47 (1.1%)

66 (1%)

28 (1.8%)

Kitchen ventilation status

 Ventilated

4422 (55.4%)

2277 (59.5%)

2145 (51.6%)

3899 (61%)

522 (32.8%)

 Not ventilated

3556 (44.6%)

1547 (40.5%)

2009 (48.4%)

2488 (39%)

1068 (67.2%)

Comorbidities diseases status

 Cardiovascular disease

523 (6.6%)

306 (8%)

2.7 (5.2%)

429 (6.7%)

94 (5.9%)

 Chronic lung diseases (asthma, tuberculosis, emphysema and bronchitis)

346 (4.3%)

155 (4.1%)

191 (4.6%)

302 (4.7%)

44 (2.8%)

 Hypertension

2125 (27.1%)

1032 (27.6%)

1093 (26.7%)

1753 (28%)

372 (23.6%)

 Diabetes mellitus

955 (12%)

424 (11.5%)

531 (13.1%)

815 (13.2%)

140 (9.2%)

 Dyslipidemia

5610 (71.9%)

2579 (69.3%)

3031 (74.4%)

4451 (70.9%)

1159 (76%)

 Metabolic syndrome

2006 (25.2%)

1660 (30.5%)

846 (20.4%)

1798 (28.3%)

208 (13.1%)

 Anxiety and depression

1346 (16.9%)

353 (9.2%)

993 (23.9%)

1147 (18%)

199 (12.5%)

 Musculoskeletal disorders

3929 (56.5%)

1562 (47.4%)

2367 (64.7%)

3316 (59.7%)

613 (43.8%)

 Rheumatoid arthritis

385 (4.8%)

115 (3%)

270 (6.5%)

318 (5%)

67 (4.2%)

 Osteoporosis

733 (9.2%)

59 (1.5%)

674 (16.2%)

615 (9.6%)

118 (7.4%)

 Fatty liver

1280 (16%)

489 (12.8%)

791 (19%)

1134 (17.8%)

146 (9.2%)

Comorbidities—n (%)

 None

1211 (15.2%)

676 (17.7%)

535 (12.9%)

972 (15.2%)

239 (15%)

 1

2529 (31.7%)

1265 (33.1%)

1264 (30.4%)

1848 (28.9%)

681 (42.8%)

 2

1848 (23.2%)

849 (22.2%)

999 (24%)

1515 (23.7%)

333 (20.9%)

 3 or more

2390 (30%)

1034 (27%)

1356 (32.6%)

2053 (32.1%)

337 (21.2%)