Table 4 Differences (95% CI) in COPD-related outcomes for former and current smokers in study population residing in low food access areas versus non-low food access areas by urban status

Lung function

 FEV%Pred

2.38

(− 3.75, 8.51)

0.445

− 5.25

(− 7.84, − 2.66)

 < 0.001

 COPD (OR)^a

0.77

(0.41, 1.44)

0.415

1.52

(1.20, 1.94)

 < 0.001

Quality of life/respiratory symptoms

 CAT

− 1.66

(− 3.60, 0.29)

0.094

1.05

(0.26, 1.84)

0.009

 mMRC

− 0.24

(− 0.50, 0.02)

0.070

0.16

(0.06, 0.26)

0.002

 SGRQ total

− 3.96

(− 8.69, 0.78)

0.101

4.28

(2.36, 6.20)

 < 0.001

 6-min walk Distance (meters)

31.5

(5.13, 57.8)

0.019

− 8.93

(− 20.5, 2.68)

0.132

Chest CT metric

 % Emphysema (− 950)

− 0.99

(− 3.19, 1.21)

0.377

1.54

(0.55, 2.52)

0.002

 % air trapping (− 856)

− 1.35

(− 6.30, 3.59)

0.591

4.04

(2.11, 5.97)

 < 0.001

Exacerbations, last 12 months

 Any (odds ratio)^a

0.70

(0.37, 1.33)

0.275

1.35

(1.03, 1.76)

0.028

 Severe (odds ratio)^a

0.80

(0.29, 2.17)

0.661

1.62

(1.12, 2.34)

0.011