Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the participants: health-screening cohort
Severe COPD exacerbation | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
All N = 5306 (100.0) | No N = 4823 (90.9) | Yes N = 483 (9.1) | ||
Severe COPD exacerbations, N (range) | 1.31 ± 0.73 (1–6) | |||
General characteristics | ||||
Male | 3094 (58.3) | 2725 (56.5) | 369 (76.4) | < 0.001 |
Age at the beginning of the study, yrs | 65.24 ± 10.46 | 64.82 ± 10.40 | 69.44 ± 10.13 | < 0.001 |
Health insurance type | ||||
Medical aids | 72 (1.4) | 62 (1.3) | 10 (2.1) | 0.155 |
Health insurance | 5234 (98.6) | 4761 (98.7) | 473 (97.9) | |
Household income | ||||
1st quintile | 838 (15.8) | 759 (15.7) | 79 (16.4) | 0.650 |
2nd quintile | 713 (13.4) | 654 (13.6) | 59 (12.2) | |
3rd quintile | 866 (16.3) | 792 (16.4) | 74 (15.3) | |
4th quintile | 1201 (22.6) | 1095 (22.7) | 106 (22.0) | |
5th quintile | 1551 (29.2) | 1404 (29.1) | 147 (30.4) | |
Missing | 65 (1.2) | 57 (1.2) | 8 (1.7) | |
Comorbidities | ||||
Comorbid diseases, N (range) | 2.55 ± 1.82 (0–11) | 2.51 ± 1.80 (0–11) | 2.89 ± 1.99 (0–9) | < 0.001 |
0 | 596 (11.2) | 562 (11.6) | 34 (7.1) | 0.004 |
1 or 2 | 2337 (44.0) | 2132 (44.2) | 205 (42.4) | |
3 or 4 | 1535 (28.9) | 1383 (28.7) | 152 (31.5) | |
≥ 5 | 838 (15.8) | 746 (15.5) | 92 (19.1) | |
Cardiovascular comorbidity | 2873 (54.2) | 2603 (54.) | 270 (55.9) | 0.417 |
Hypertension | 2405 (45.3) | 2190 (45.4) | 215 (44.5) | 0.707 |
Ischemic heart disease | 790 (14.9) | 701 (14.5) | 89 (18.4) | 0.022 |
Cardiac arrhythmia | 374 (7.1) | 326 (6.7) | 48 (9.9) | 0.009 |
Heart failure | 310 (5.8) | 259 (5.4) | 51 (10.6) | < 0.001 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 432 (8.1) | 380 (7.9) | 52 (10.8) | 0.027 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 467 (8.8) | 426 (8.8) | 41 (8.5) | 0.799 |
Respiratory comorbidity other than COPD | 2892 (54.5) | 2580 (53.5) | 312 (64.6) | < 0.001 |
Asthma | 2788 (52.5) | 2486 (51.5) | 302 (62.5) | < 0.001 |
Bronchiectasis | 307 (5.8) | 269 (5.6) | 38 (7.8) | 0.040 |
Metabolic comorbidity | 2502 (47.2) | 2258 (46.8) | 244 (50.5) | 0.120 |
Dyslipidaemia | 1530 (28.8) | 1390 (28.8) | 140 (29.0) | 0.939 |
Diabetes mellitus | 1181 (22.3) | 1053 (21.8) | 128 (26.5) | 0.019 |
Osteoporosis | 800 (15.1) | 728 (15.1) | 72 (14.9) | 0.913 |
Chronic kidney disease | 39 (0.7) | 34 (0.7) | 5 (1.0) | 0.397 |
GI comorbidity | 1804 (34.0) | 1645 (34.1) | 159 (32.9) | 0.599 |
Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 1641 (30.9) | 1499 (31.1) | 142 (29.4) | 0.446 |
Chronic liver diseases | 285 (5.4) | 253 (5.3) | 32 (6.6) | 0.200 |
Malignancy comorbidity | 168 (3.2) | 129 (2.7) | 39 (8.1) | < 0.001 |
Lung cancer | 76 (1.4) | 51 (1.1) | 25 (5.2) | < 0.001 |
Stomach cancer | 14 (0.3) | 9 (0.2) | 5 (1.0) | 0.006 |
Colorectal cancer | 15 (0.3) | 14 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | > 0.999 |
Liver cancer | 12 (0.2) | 8 (0.2) | 4 (0.8) | 0.019 |
Thyroid cancer | 24 (0.5) | 22 (0.5) | 2 (0.4) | > 0.999 |
Health examination | ||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.75 ± 3.38 | 23.88 ± 3.35 | 22.42 ± 3.44 | < 0.001 |
Haemoglobin, g/dL | 13.65 ± 1.57 | 13.65 ± 1.56 | 13.67 ± 1.65 | 0.741 |
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 102.24 ± 31.01 | 102.06 ± 30.04 | 104.08 ± 39.33 | 0.270 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 197.56 ± 49.95 | 198.4 ± 50.7 | 188.6 ± 40.9 | < 0.001 |
Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 1.01 ± 0.91 | 1.00 ± 0.88 | 1.13 ± 1.17 | 0.117 |