Training cohort (n = 501) | Test cohort (n = 215) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fever ≥ 120 h | Fever < 120 h | p-value | Fever ≥ 120 h | Fever < 120 h | p-value | |
Number of patients (n, %) | 65 (13.0) | 436 (87.0) | 31 (14.4) | 184 (85.6) | ||
Age, mean (years) | 6.1 ± 2.5 | 5.7 ± 3.1 | 0.217 | 5.7 ± 3.0 | 5.3 ± 3.1 | 0.496 |
Sex ratio (female: male) | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.011 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 0.030 |
Duration of fever (days) | ||||||
At admission | 4.2 ± 1.4 | 5.1 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 | 4.4 ± 1.5 | 4.9 ± 2.0 | 0.130 |
After admission | 7.6 ± 3.6 | 1.7 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 | 7.8 ± 4.1 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
Total | 11.0 ± 3.8 | 7.0 ± 2.3 | < 0.001 | 11.3 ± 4.6 | 6.6 ± 2.3 | < 0.001 |
Total hospital days (days) | 11.8 ± 3.7 | 6.0 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 | 12.0 ± 4.2 | 5.7 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 |
Initial inflammatory markers | ||||||
WBC × 103/µL | 7.5 ± 3.4 | 9.4 ± 6.8 | 0.030 | 7.0 ± 3.0 | 8.6 ± 3.7 | 0.031 |
Neutrophils (%) | 71.0 ± 9.6 | 64.0 ± 13.7 | < 0.001 | 66.8 ± 12.1 | 62.0 ± 13.0 | 0.058 |
Absolute neutrophil count × 103/µL | 5.5 ± 3.0 | 6.2 ± 5.2 | 0.290 | 4.5 ± 1.5 | 5.5 ± 3.1 | 0.011 |
Lymphocytes (%) | 20.4 ± 7.2 | 25.8 ± 11.8 | < 0.001 | 23.9 ± 10.0 | 27.5 ± 11.4 | 0.106 |
Absolute lymphocyte count × 103/µL | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 0.020 |
Platelet × 103/µL | 208.2 ± 50.0 | 298.2 ± 100.9 | < 0.001 | 219.3 ± 72.9 | 286.3 ± 89.9 | < 0.001 |
ESR (mm/hr) | 34.2 ± 15.8 | 36.2 ± 18.5 | 0.392 | 32.8 ± 15.6 | 36.5 ± 18.9 | 0.303 |
CRP (mg/L) | 68.4 ± 67.3 | 29.6 ± 33.9 | < 0.001 | 57.9 ± 53.1 | 27.7 ± 25.9 | 0.004 |
Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 0.7 ± 1.4 | 0.5 ± 1.8 | 0.512 | 1.3 ± 2.3 | 0.5 ± 1.8 | 0.261 |
Other laboratory data | ||||||
LDH (IU/L) | 379.0 ± 147.6 | 334.4 ± 85.5 | 0.020 | 407.3 ± 139.9 | 328.9 ± 71.5 | 0.005 |
AST (IU/L) | 43.1 ± 22.2 | 38.7 ± 37.3 | 0.346 | 46.2 ± 23.1 | 35.1 ± 11.2 | 0.013 |
ALT (IU/L) | 17.4 ± 11.6 | 25.8 ± 71.6 | 0.351 | 23.2 ± 16.6 | 16.2 ± 10.9 | 0.030 |
Concurrent respiratory virus (n, %) | 13 (24.1) | 125 (33.7) | 0.158 | 7 (39.2) | 43 (27.4) | 0.856 |
Oxygen requirement (n, %) | 4 (6.2) | 9 (2.1) | 0.075 | 2 (6.5) | 3 (1.6) | 0.152 |
Radiologic grouping (n, %) | ||||||
Group 1 | 3 (4.6) | 112 (25.7) | < 0.001 | 3 (9.7) | 54 (29.3) | < 0.001 |
Group 2 | 18 (27.7) | 194 (44.5) | 6 (19.4) | 86 (46.7) | ||
Group 3 | 33 (50.8) | 126 (28.9) | 17 (54.8) | 42 (22.8) | ||
Group 4 | 11 (16.9) | 4 (0.9) | 5 (16.1) | 2 (1.1) | ||
Pleural effusion (n, %) | 19 (29.2) | 34 (7.8) | < 0.001 | 9 (29.0) | 16 (8.7) | 0.003 |
Radiologic aggravation on the 3rd or 4th hospital day (n, %) | 59 (90.8) | 108 (24.8) | < 0.001 | 25 (80.6) | 34 (18.5) | < 0.001 |
Fever profiles | ||||||
Highest temperature (°C) | 39.6 ± 0.6 | 38.7 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 | 39.4 ± 0.6 | 38.7 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
Lowest temperature (°C) | 37.0 ± 0.3 | 36.6 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 | 36.9 ± 0.3 | 36.6 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
Frequency of fever > 39 °C within 48 h (n) | 3.3 ± 2.8 | 0.7 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 0.6 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
Frequency of fever > 40 °C within 48 h (n) | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 0.0 ± 0.2 | 0.070 |
Frequency of peak fever within 24 h (n) | 4.7 ± 1.2 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
Frequency of peak fever within 48 h (n) | 8.7 ± 1.7 | 4.6 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 | 8.6 ± 1.7 | 4.5 ± 2.6 | < 0.001 |
12 sequential body temperatures | ||||||
Initial (°C) | 38.6 ± 0.9 | 37.9 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 | 38.2 ± 0.9 | 37.9 ± 0.9 | 0.100 |
After 4 h (°C) | 38.1 ± 0.9 | 37.6 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 | 38.0 ± 0.9 | 37.6 ± 0.7 | 0.008 |
After 8 h (°C) | 37.9 ± 0.8 | 37.4 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 | 38.0 ± 1.1 | 37.5 ± 0.8 | 0.016 |
After 12 h (°C) | 37.9 ± 0.9 | 37.4 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 | 38.0 ± 1.0 | 37.4 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
After 16 h (°C) | 38.0 ± 1.0 | 37.4 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 | 38.0 ± 0.9 | 37.3 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
After 20 h (°C) | 38.2 ± 0.9 | 37.4 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 | 38.2 ± 0.6 | 37.4 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
After 24 h (°C) | 38.0 ± 0.6 | 37.4 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 | 38.2 ± 0.6 | 37.5 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
After 28 h (°C) | 38.3 ± 1.0 | 37.5 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 | 37.9 ± 0.7 | 37.4 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
After 32 h (°C) | 37.7 ± 1.0 | 37.0 ± 2.4 | 0.040 | 37.9 ± 1.0 | 37.2 ± 0.7 | 0.001 |
After 36 h (°C) | 37.9 ± 0.9 | 37.1 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 | 37.6 ± 0.7 | 37.1 ± 0.8 | 0.001 |
After 40 h (°C) | 38.1 ± 0.9 | 37.1 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 | 37.9 ± 0.9 | 37.0 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
After 44 h (°C) | 38.1 ± 0.8 | 37.1 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 | 37.8 ± 0.8 | 37.1 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |